MySQL和Oracle对比学习之数据字典元数据

浏览数：17 / 时间：2015年06月12日

MySQL和Oracle虽然在架构上有很大的不同，但是如果从某些方面比较起来，它们有些方面也是相通的。
毕竟学习的主线是MySQL，所以会从MySQL的角度来对比Oracle的一些功能。大体总结了以下的内容，欢迎大家拍砖，
查看当前的数据库名
mysql> SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| test   |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
因为架构的不同，所以列举了数据库，实例级的查询方法。
方法一，通过数据库参数来查看
SQL> show parameter instance_name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ --------------------------------- ------------------------------
instance_name string TRUABP4

方法二：通过数据字典来查看
数据库级
SQL> select name from v$database;
NAME
---------------------------
TRUABP4

实例级
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME
------------------------------------------------
TRUABP4
方法三：通过内置函数来实现，这种方法相比前两种更为通用。
SQL> select sys_context(‘USERENV‘,‘instance_name‘) from dual;
SYS_CONTEXT(‘USERENV‘,‘INSTANCE_NAME‘)
----------------------------------------------------
TRUABP4

得到数据库创建的脚本
得到数据库名为mysql的创建脚本，毕竟在架构实现上不同，有点类似oracle中的用户级别。
mysql> show create database mysql;
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| mysql | CREATE DATABASE `mysql` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
Oracle中的实现方式相比要复杂很多。叫法一样，但是实现还是有很大的差别。
CREATE DATABASE mynewdb
USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY pz6r58
USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY y1tz5p
LOGFILE GROUP 1 (‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/redo01.log‘) SIZE 100M,
GROUP 2 (‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/redo02.log‘) SIZE 100M,
GROUP 3 (‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/redo03.log‘) SIZE 100M
MAXLOGFILES 5
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXLOGHISTORY 1
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 1
CHARACTER SET US7ASCII
NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
DATAFILE ‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/system01.dbf‘ SIZE 325M REUSE
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
SYSAUX DATAFILE ‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/sysaux01.dbf‘ SIZE 325M REUSE
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
TEMPFILE ‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/temp01.dbf‘
SIZE 20M REUSE
UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs
DATAFILE ‘/u01/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/undotbs01.dbf‘
SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;

查看当前的用户
mysql> SELECT USER();
+----------------+
| USER() |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
方法一，通过sql*plus中的show user命令杰克得到
SQL> show user
USER is "N1"
方法二：通过内置函数来实现，比较通用的方式。
SQL> select sys_context(‘USERENV‘,‘current_user‘) from dual;
SYS_CONTEXT(‘USERENV‘,‘CURRENT_USER‘)
--------------------------------------------------
N1

查看含有的表信息
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| help_category |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
+---------------------------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
方法一：通过cat同义词来实现
SQL> select *from cat where rownum<3;
TABLE_NAME TABTYPE
------------------ ---------------------
AAA TABLE
AAAA TABLE
方法二：通过tab同义词来实现
SQL> select *from tab where rownum<3;
TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID
------------------ --------------------- ----------
AAA TABLE
AAAA TABLE
方法三：通过数据字典user_tables来实现
SQL> select table_name from user_tables where rownum<3;
TABLE_NAME
------------------
AAA
AAAA

查看指定数据库中的表信息
比如查询数据库名为mysql里面含有的表。
mysql> show tables from mysql;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
+---------------------------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
Oracle中的实现还是根据数据字典表*_tables
SQL> select table_name from all_tables where owner=‘REFWORK‘;
TABLE_NAME
------------------------------
OFFER

查看test数据库中的表temp结构
>mysqlshow test temp
Database: test Table: temp
+---------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+--------------
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra
+---------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+--------------
| id | int(11) | | NO | PRI | | auto_incremen
| char | char(50) | utf8_general_ci | NO | MUL | |
| varchar | varchar(50) | utf8_general_ci | NO | MUL | |
| text | text | utf8_general_ci | NO | MUL | |
+---------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+--------------

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
可以通过all_tab_cols来实现
select table_name,column_name from all_tab_cols where owner=‘N1‘ and table_name=‘TEST‘;

查看表的建表语句
mysql> show create table event\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: event
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `event` (
`db` char(64) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘‘,
`name` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘‘,
`body` longblob NOT NULL,
`definer` char(77) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘‘,
`execute_at` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`body_utf8` longblob,
PRIMARY KEY (`db`,`name`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT=‘Events‘
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
oracle中一直直观的方式是使用dbms_metadata.get_ddl来实现
SQL> select DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL(object_type=>‘TABLE‘,name=>‘CSM_OFFER‘)from dual
DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL(OBJECT_TYPE=>‘TABLE‘,NAME=>‘CSM_OFFER‘)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE "REFWORK"."OFFER"
( "OWNER" VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL ENABLE,
"OBJECT_NAME" VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL ENABLE,
"SUBOBJECT_NAME" VARCHAR2(30),
"OBJECT_ID" NUMBER NOT NULL ENABLE,
"DATA_OBJECT_ID" NUMBER,
"OBJECT_TYPE" VARCHAR2(19),
"CREATED" DATE NOT NULL ENABLE,
"LAST_DDL_TIME" DATE NOT NULL ENABLE,
"TIMESTAMP" VARCHAR2(19)...

得到表结构的信息
mysql> desc columns_priv
-> ;
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-----
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Defa
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-----
| Host | char(60) | NO | PRI |
| Db | char(64) | NO | PRI |
| User | char(16) | NO | PRI |
| Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI |
| Column_name | char(64) | NO | PRI |
| Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURR
| Column_priv | set(‘Select‘,‘Insert‘,‘Update‘,‘References‘) | NO | |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-----
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
这一点完全一样
SQL> desc offer
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
OWNER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
SUBOBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_ID NOT NULL NUMBER
DATA_OBJECT_ID NUMBER
OBJECT_TYPE VARCHAR2(19)
CREATED NOT NULL DATE
LAST_DDL_TIME NOT NULL DATE
TIMESTAMP VARCHAR2(19)
STATUS VARCHAR2(7)
TEMPORARY VARCHAR2(1)
GENERATED VARCHAR2(1)
SECONDARY VARCHAR2(1)

得到表中的列信息
mysql> show columns from columns_priv;
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-----
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Defa
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-----
| Host | char(60) | NO | PRI |
| Db | char(64) | NO | PRI |
| User | char(16) | NO | PRI |
| Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI |
| Column_name | char(64) | NO | PRI |
| Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURR
| Column_priv | set(‘Select‘,‘Insert‘,‘Update‘,‘References‘) | NO | |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-----
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
通过user_tab_cols来实现。
SQL> select column_name from user_tab_cols where table_name=‘OFFER‘;
COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------
OWNER
OBJECT_NAME
SUBOBJECT_NAME
OBJECT_ID
DATA_OBJECT_ID
OBJECT_TYPE
CREATED
LAST_DDL_TIME

得到索引的信息
mysql> show index from columns_priv;
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
| columns_priv | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | Host | A
| columns_priv | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | Db | A
| columns_priv | 0 | PRIMARY | 3 | User | A
| columns_priv | 0 | PRIMARY | 4 | Table_name | A
| columns_priv | 0 | PRIMARY | 5 | Column_name | A
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
通过User_indexes来实现
SQL> select index_name,index_type from user_indexes where table_name=‘OFFER‘;
INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE
------------------------------ ---------------------------
INX_OFFER NORMAL

基于列的模糊查找
可能在这方面MySQL提供的直观方式要多一些。
mysql> show columns from columns_priv like ‘%ab%‘;
+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
Oracle里面还是用user_tab_cols，一用倒底。
SQL> select column_name from user_tab_cols where table_name=‘OFFER‘ and column_name like ‘%OBJE%‘;
COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------
OBJECT_NAME
SUBOBJECT_NAME
OBJECT_ID
DATA_OBJECT_ID
OBJECT_TYPE

精确查找列名
mysql> show columns from columns_priv where field=‘User‘;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
还是使用usre_tab_cols，一用倒底。
SQL> select column_name from user_tab_cols where table_name=‘OFFER‘ and column_name= ‘OBJECT_NAME‘;
COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------
OBJECT_NAME

查看进程相关的信息
mysql> show processlist
-> ;
+----+------+-----------------+-------+---------+------+-------+----------------
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info
+----+------+-----------------+-------+---------+------+-------+----------------
| 3 | root | localhost:49479 | mysql | Query | 0 | init | show processlis
+----+------+-----------------+-------+---------+------+-------+----------------
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
Oracle中提供了比较全面的视图，可以通过v$session,v$process来查找
USERNAME MACHINE PROGRAM SID
------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------- ----------
  REFWORK rac1 sqlplus@rac1 (TNS V1-V3) 257

select *from v$process;

查看数据字典的信息
MySQL中的数据字典信息都包含在schema information_schema里面
>mysqlshow information_schema
Database: information_schema
+---------------------------------------+
| Tables |
+---------------------------------------+
| CHARACTER_SETS |
| COLLATIONS |
| COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY |
| COLUMNS |
| COLUMN_PRIVILEGES |
| ENGINES |
| EVENTS |
| FILES |
| GLOBAL_STATUS |
| GLOBAL_VARIABLES |
| KEY_COLUMN_USAGE |
| OPTIMIZER_TRACE |
| PARAMETERS |
| PARTITIONS |
| PLUGINS |
| PROCESSLIST |
| PROFILING |
| REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS |
| ROUTINES |
+---------------------------------------+

+++ Oracle的实现方法 ++++
Oracle中的视图更加丰富，除了常说的数据字典表，还有动态性能视图，调优诊断很是方便。
select *from dict; --数据字典表
select *from v$fixed_table;--动态性能视图表

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