MyLinux Note - - - 7th day
一、磁盘与目录的容量
df 用于查看系统中所有磁盘的整体使用量
[root@mylinux ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18244476 1326800 15984252 8% / tmpfs 515244 0 515244 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194241 70857 113144 39% /boot [root@mylinux ~]#
格式 :df [-amhHitT]
-a 列出所有的分区,包括虚拟文件分区
[root@mylinux ~]# df -a Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18244476 1326800 15984252 8% / proc 0 0 0 - /proc sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts tmpfs 515244 0 515244 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194241 70857 113144 39% /boot none 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc [root@mylinux ~]#
-m 以MB的单位进行显示
[root@mylinux ~]# df -m Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 17817 1296 15610 8% / tmpfs 504 0 504 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 190 70 111 39% /boot
-h 以人类可读的方式显示,以MB,GB等单位进行显示
[root@mylinux ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18G 1.3G 16G 8% / tmpfs 504M 0 504M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 190M 70M 111M 39% /boot [root@mylinux ~]#
-H 以1M=1000K来替代1M=1024的进制显示
[root@mylinux ~]# df -H Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 19G 1.4G 17G 8% / tmpfs 528M 0 528M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 199M 73M 116M 39% /boot [root@mylinux ~]#
-i 将inode的信息量显示出来
[root@mylinux ~]# df -i Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on /dev/sda3 1166880 46549 1120331 4% / tmpfs 128811 1 128810 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 51200 51 51149 1% /boot
-t 指定系统类型进行显示
[root@mylinux ~]# df -t ext4 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18244476 1326804 15984248 8% / /dev/sda1 194241 70857 113144 39% /boot [root@mylinux ~]#
-T 连同系统类型一同显示出来
[root@mylinux ~]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 18G 1.3G 16G 8% / tmpfs tmpfs 504M 0 504M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 ext4 190M 70M 111M 39% /boot [root@mylinux ~]#
特殊用法:将某一目录所在的磁盘以可读的容量进行显示
[root@mylinux ~]# df -h /etc Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18G 1.3G 16G 8% /
du 产看目录或文件的大小
格式 :du [-ahskm] [文件/目录]
-a 显示所有文件,目录大小
[root@mylinux ~]# du -a /etc 116 /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults/%gconf-tree.xml 120 /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults 4 /etc/gconf/schemas/system_smb.schemas 4 /etc/gconf/schemas/desktop_default_applications.schemas 4 /etc/gconf/schemas/system_dns_sd.schemas ...............下面省略.............
-h 以人类可读的方式显示
[root@mylinux ~]# du -h /etc 120K /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults 184K /etc/gconf/schemas 4.0K /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory 12K /etc/gconf/2 4.0K /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.system ..............下面省略.............
-s 显示目录文件大小的总量
[root@mylinux ~]# du -sh /etc 28M /etc
-k 以KB单位进行显示
[root@mylinux ~]# du -sk /etc 28624 /etc
-m 以MB单位进行显示
[root@mylinux ~]# du -sm /etc 28 /etc
“ls -lh”与 "du -h"的比较
ls
[root@mylinux ~]# ls -hl /etc 总用量 1.4M -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 44 3月 21 23:30 adjtime -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.5K 1月 12 2010 aliases -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K 2月 27 00:16 aliases.db drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K 2月 28 13:53 alternatives -rw-------. 1 root root 541 11月 23 2013 anacrontab ..................下面省略............
du
[root@mylinux ~]# du -h /etc/ 120K /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults 184K /etc/gconf/schemas 4.0K /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory 12K /etc/gconf/2 4.0K /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.system ...................下面省略............
从上面的例子可以看出用‘ls’会将文件的具体的大小显示出来,而‘du’会以‘4.0K’的单位进行显示,即无论多大,都是4的倍数,不足4K,也以4K进行显示
二、磁盘的分区,格式化,挂载
fdisk 磁盘分区
格式 : fdisk -l [磁盘设备]
[root@mylinux ~]# fdisk -l # 列出所有磁盘设备信息 Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes # 磁盘sda的总容量 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000cd760 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes # 磁盘sdb的总容量 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 [root@mylinux ~]#
从上面的信息中可以看到磁盘sda的分区已经完成,而磁盘sdb的分区还没有进行分区,那么我们就对磁盘sdb进行分区。
[root@mylinux ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb # 对磁盘设备sdb进行磁盘操作 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xaf253cdd. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won‘t be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to sectors (command ‘u‘). Command (m for help):
这里提示输入“m”获得帮助信息,那么看一下会有哪些信息
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition # 删除一个分区 l list known partition types # 列出分区类型 m print this menu n add a new partition # 增加一个新的分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table # 打印出分区表 q quit without saving changes # 退出但是不进行保存 s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition‘s system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit # 退出并保存操作 x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help):
输入“p”查看当前磁盘的分区状态
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xaf253cdd Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Command (m for help):
当前磁盘未进行分区,那么我们就开始分区吧
Command (m for help): n # 创建一个新的分区 Command action e extended # 扩展分区 p primary partition (1-4) # 主分区 (1-4) p # 我们先创建立一个主分区输入“p” Partition number (1-4): 1 # 分区标号选择“1” First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): # 起始柱面,默认1 Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +1G # 结束柱面我们不去指定,而是输入容量,让系统自动分割柱面 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x57fa9dfa Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux # 1G的分区创建成功,柱面的位置自动结束在132 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e # 创建一个扩展分区 Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (133-1305, default 133): Using default value 133 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (133-1305, default 1305): Using default value 1305 # 将剩余分区都分给扩展分区 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x57fa9dfa Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 133 1305 9422122+ 5 Extended # 扩展分区创建成功 Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l # 创建一个逻辑分区 First cylinder (133-786, default 133): Using default value 133 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (133-786, default 786): +2G Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x57fa9dfa Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 133 1305 9422122+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 133 394 2104483+ 83 Linux # 2G的逻辑分区创建成功 Command (m for help): w # 输入“w”退出保存操作 The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
现在在查看一下磁盘分区状况
[root@mylinux ~]# fdisk -l ..................上面省略.............. Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x12c26e3e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 133 1305 9422122+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 133 394 2104483+ 83 Linux [root@mylinux ~]# # 磁盘sdb以及分区成功了
上面以及分完区了,下一步开始格式化分区
分区命令 mkfs
格式 :mkfs -t [分区类型] [分区名字]
例如格式化分区/dev/sdb1
[root@mylinux ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 文件系统标签= 操作系统:Linux 块大小=4096 (log=2) 分块大小=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 66384 inodes, 265064 blocks 13253 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user # 预留5%块给超级用户 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=272629760 9 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7376 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 30 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
还可以这样分区,效果是一样的
命令 mkfs.ext4
选项 :
-L 指定分区标签
-b 指定块大小
-i 指定多少容量给与一个inode
[root@mylinux ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 文件系统标签= 操作系统:Linux 块大小=4096 (log=2) 分块大小=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 66384 inodes, 265064 blocks 13253 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=272629760 9 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7376 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [root@mylinux ~]#
mke2fs 指定分区信息
选项 :
-L 指定分区标签
-b 指定块大小
-i 指定多少容量给与一个inode
[root@mylinux ~]# mke2fs -L "mylinux" -b 2048 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 文件系统标签=mylinux # 指定的标签叫“mylinux” 操作系统:Linux 块大小=2048 (log=1) # 块大小指定为“2048” 分块大小=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 66528 inodes, 530128 blocks 26506 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488 33 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2016 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368 正在写入inode表: 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
三、磁盘分区的挂载与卸载
命令 mount
[root@mylinux ~]# mount # 直接输入命令,显示各个分区格式,与状态“读写” /dev/sda3 on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) [root@mylinux ~]#
挂载分区格式
mount -t [格式] [挂载的分区] [挂载的目录]
例如 挂载之前创建的分区"/dev/sdb1"
[root@mylinux ~]# mkdir /linuxdir [root@mylinux ~]# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /linuxdir [root@mylinux ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18244476 1420560 15890492 9% / tmpfs 515244 0 515244 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194241 70857 113144 39% /boot /dev/sdb1 1010780 1304 956464 1% /linuxdir 分区挂载成功 [root@mylinux ~]# cd /linuxdir/ [root@mylinux linuxdir]# ls lost+found [root@mylinux linuxdir]#
mount的选项
-a 挂载所有在/etc/fstab中可挂载的
-l 连同Lable一起显示挂载信息
-t 按分区类型进行挂载,也可以不加,让系统自动去匹配挂载
-L 按磁盘Lable进行挂载分区
-o 后面追加选项
ro, rw: 挂载文件系统成为只读(ro) 或可擦写(rw)
async, sync: 此文件系统是否使用同步写入 (sync) 或异步 (async) 的
内存机制,请参考文件系统运行方式。默认为 async。
auto, noauto: 允许此 partition 被以 mount -a 自动挂载(auto)
dev, nodev: 是否允许此 partition 上,可创建装置文件? dev 为可允许
suid, nosuid: 是否允许此 partition 含有 suid/sgid 的文件格式?
exec, noexec: 是否允许此 partition 上拥有可运行 binary 文件?
user, nouser: 是否允许此 partition 让任何使用者运行 mount ?一般来说,
mount 仅有 root 可以进行,但下达 user 参数,则可让
一般 user 也能够对此 partition 进行 mount 。
defaults: 默认值为:rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async
remount: 重新挂载,这在系统出错,或重新升级参数时,很有用!
[root@mylinux ~]# mount -t ext4 -o rw,nosuid,nouser /dev/sdb1 /linux/ [root@mylinux ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 18G 5.0G 12G 30% / tmpfs 504M 0 504M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 190M 67M 114M 37% /boot /dev/sdb1 988M 1.3M 935M 1% /linux # 成功挂载 [root@mylinux ~]# mount -l /dev/sda3 on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/sdb1 on /linux type ext4 (rw,nosuid) [linux] # 挂载参数为“rw”“nosuid” [root@mylinux ~]#
目前是挂载成功了,但是计算机重启后,挂载的分区就失效了,所有就需要更改配置,使其可以开机自动挂载分区。
①将挂载命令写入/etc/rc.d/rc.local里
②编辑/etc/fstab,按照指定格式,编辑格式
写入/etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@mylinux ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local ...............上面省略............. # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff. touch /var/lock/subsys/local mount -t ext4 -o rw,nosuid,nouser /dev/sdb1 /linux/ ~ ~
编辑/etc/fstab
[root@mylinux ~]# vim /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Mon Mar 2 17:48:02 2015 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘ # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=8d9b05d4-a293-46e4-80a0-238ef79e737b / ext4 defaults 1 1 UUID=c8c39b35-d44a-4e86-9c26-05d6774ad69f /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 UUID=50c1a1b2-18d7-46c9-92a7-9490950b011e swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /linux ext4 rw,nouser,suid 0 0 # 最后一行可以看到
格式 :
①要挂载的分区设备名
②挂载目录
③分区类型
④分区参数
⑤第一个“0”是否进行dump,备份,“0”代表不进行dump,“1”代表每天都进行dump,“2”代表不定期dump
⑥第二个“0”代表是否进行fsck检测分区,“0”代表不进行检测,根系统设置为“1”,其他文件系统设置为“2”
挂载除了可以用/dev/sdb1 这样的分区名去挂载,还可以用Lable标签进行挂载,还有就是UUID进行挂载,UUID用blkid命令来查询
[root@mylinux ~]# blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="c8c39b35-d44a-4e86-9c26-05d6774ad69f" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda2: UUID="50c1a1b2-18d7-46c9-92a7-9490950b011e" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="8d9b05d4-a293-46e4-80a0-238ef79e737b" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb1: LABEL="linux" UUID="f6363cfd-912a-4377-99e2-1368dfb3b3d7" TYPE="ext4" [root@mylinux ~]#
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