Linux Writeback机制分析
1. bdi是什么?
bdi,即是backing device info的缩写,顾名思义它描述备用存储设备相关描述信息,这在内核代码里用一个结构体backing_dev_info来表示。
bdi,备用存储设备,简单点说就是能够用来存储数据的设备,而这些设备存储的数据能够保证在计算机电源关闭时也不丢失。这样说来,软盘存储设备、光驱存储设备、USB存储设备、硬盘存储设备都是所谓的备用存储设备(后面都用bdi来指示),而内存显然不是
2. bdi工作模型
相对于内存来说,bdi设备(比如最常见的硬盘存储设备)的读写速度是非常慢的,因此为了提高系统整体性能,Linux系统对bdi设备的读写内容进行了缓冲,那些读写的数据会临时保存在内存里,以避免每次都直接操作bdi设备,但这就需要在一定的时机(比如每隔5秒、脏数据达到的一定的比率等)把它们同步到bdi设备,否则长久的呆在内存里容易丢失(比如机器突然宕机、重启),而进行间隔性同步工作的进程之前名叫pdflush,但后来在Kernel 2.6.2x/3x对此进行了优化改进,产生有多个内核进程,bdi-default、flush-x:y等。
关于以前的pdflush不再多说,我们这里只讨论bdi-default和flush-x:y,这两个进程(事实上,flush-x:y为多个)的关系为父与子的关系,即bdi-default根据当前的状态Create或Destroy flush-x:y,x为块设备类型,y为此类设备的序号。如有两个TF卡,则分别为:flush-179:0、flush-179:1。
一般而言,一个Linux系统会挂载很多bdi设备,在bdi设备注册(函数:bdi_register(…))时,这些bdi设备会以链表的形式组织在全局变量bdi_list下,除了一个比较特别的bdi设备以外,它就是default bdi设备(default_backing_dev_info),它除了被加进到bdi_list,还会新建一个bdi-default内核进程,即本文的主角。具体代码如下,我相信你一眼就能注意到kthread_run和list_add_tail_rcu这样的关键代码。
- struct backing_dev_info default_backing_dev_info = {
- .name = "default",
- .ra_pages = VM_MAX_READAHEAD * 1024 / PAGE_CACHE_SIZE,
- .state = 0,
- .capabilities = BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY,
- };
- EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(default_backing_dev_info);
- static inline bool bdi_cap_flush_forker(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
- {
- return bdi == &default_backing_dev_info;
- }
- int bdi_register(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct device *parent,
- const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list args;
- struct device *dev;
- if (bdi->dev) /* The driver needs to use separate queues per device */
- return 0;
- va_start(args, fmt);
- dev = device_create_vargs(bdi_class, parent, MKDEV(0, 0), bdi, fmt, args);
- va_end(args);
- if (IS_ERR(dev))
- return PTR_ERR(dev);
- bdi->dev = dev;
- /*
- * Just start the forker thread for our default backing_dev_info,
- * and add other bdi‘s to the list. They will get a thread created
- * on-demand when they need it.
- */
- if (bdi_cap_flush_forker(bdi)) {
- struct bdi_writeback *wb = &bdi->wb;
- wb->task = kthread_run(bdi_forker_thread, wb, "bdi-%s",
- dev_name(dev));
- if (IS_ERR(wb->task))
- return PTR_ERR(wb->task);
- }
- bdi_debug_register(bdi, dev_name(dev));
- set_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state);
- spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
- list_add_tail_rcu(&bdi->bdi_list, &bdi_list);
- spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);
- trace_writeback_bdi_register(bdi);
- return 0;
- }
- EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdi_register);
接着跟进函数bdi_forker_thread,它是bdi-default内核进程的主体:
- static int bdi_forker_thread(void *ptr)
- {
- struct bdi_writeback *me = ptr;
- current->flags |= PF_SWAPWRITE;
- set_freezable();
- /*
- * Our parent may run at a different priority, just set us to normal
- */
- set_user_nice(current, 0);
- for (;;) {
- struct task_struct *task = NULL;
- struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
- enum {
- NO_ACTION, /* Nothing to do */
- FORK_THREAD, /* Fork bdi thread */
- KILL_THREAD, /* Kill inactive bdi thread */
- } action = NO_ACTION;
- /*
- * Temporary measure, we want to make sure we don‘t see
- * dirty data on the default backing_dev_info
- */
- if (wb_has_dirty_io(me) || !list_empty(&me->bdi->work_list)) {
- del_timer(&me->wakeup_timer);
- wb_do_writeback(me, 0);
- }
- spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
- /*
- * In the following loop we are going to check whether we have
- * some work to do without any synchronization with tasks
- * waking us up to do work for them. Set the task state here
- * so that we don‘t miss wakeups after verifying conditions.
- */
- set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
- /* 遍历所有的bdi对象,检查这些bdi是否存在脏数据,如果有脏数据,那么需要为其fork线程,然后做writeback操作 */
- list_for_each_entry(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
- bool have_dirty_io;
- if (!bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi) ||
- bdi_cap_flush_forker(bdi))
- continue;
- WARN(!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state),
- "bdi %p/%s is not registered!\n", bdi, bdi->name);
- /* 检查是否存在脏数据 */
- have_dirty_io = !list_empty(&bdi->work_list) ||
- wb_has_dirty_io(&bdi->wb);
- /*
- * If the bdi has work to do, but the thread does not
- * exist - create it.
- */
- if (!bdi->wb.task && have_dirty_io) {
- /*
- * Set the pending bit - if someone will try to
- * unregister this bdi - it‘ll wait on this bit.
- */
- /* 如果有脏数据,并且不存在线程,那么接下来做线程的FORK操作 */
- set_bit(BDI_pending, &bdi->state);
- action = FORK_THREAD;
- break;
- }
- spin_lock(&bdi->wb_lock);
- /*
- * If there is no work to do and the bdi thread was
- * inactive long enough - kill it. The wb_lock is taken
- * to make sure no-one adds more work to this bdi and
- * wakes the bdi thread up.
- */
- /* 如果一个bdi长时间没有脏数据,那么执行线程的KILL操作,结束掉该bdi对应的writeback线程 */
- if (bdi->wb.task && !have_dirty_io &&
- time_after(jiffies, bdi->wb.last_active +
- bdi_longest_inactive())) {
- task = bdi->wb.task;
- bdi->wb.task = NULL;
- spin_unlock(&bdi->wb_lock);
- set_bit(BDI_pending, &bdi->state);
- action = KILL_THREAD;
- break;
- }
- spin_unlock(&bdi->wb_lock);
- }
- spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);
- /* Keep working if default bdi still has things to do */
- if (!list_empty(&me->bdi->work_list))
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- /* 执行线程的FORK和KILL操作 */
- switch (action) {
- case FORK_THREAD:
- /* FORK一个bdi_writeback_thread线程,该线程的名字为flush-major:minor */
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- task = kthread_create(bdi_writeback_thread, &bdi->wb,
- "flush-%s", dev_name(bdi->dev));
- if (IS_ERR(task)) {
- /*
- * If thread creation fails, force writeout of
- * the bdi from the thread. Hopefully 1024 is
- * large enough for efficient IO.
- */
- writeback_inodes_wb(&bdi->wb, 1024,
- WB_REASON_FORKER_THREAD);
- } else {
- /*
- * The spinlock makes sure we do not lose
- * wake-ups when racing with ‘bdi_queue_work()‘.
- * And as soon as the bdi thread is visible, we
- * can start it.
- */
- spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
- bdi->wb.task = task;
- spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
- wake_up_process(task);
- }
- bdi_clear_pending(bdi);
- break;
- case KILL_THREAD:
- /* KILL一个线程 */
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- kthread_stop(task);
- bdi_clear_pending(bdi);
- break;
- case NO_ACTION:
- /* 如果没有可执行的动作,那么调度本线程睡眠一段时间 */
- if (!wb_has_dirty_io(me) || !dirty_writeback_interval)
- /*
- * There are no dirty data. The only thing we
- * should now care about is checking for
- * inactive bdi threads and killing them. Thus,
- * let‘s sleep for longer time, save energy and
- * be friendly for battery-driven devices.
- */
- schedule_timeout(bdi_longest_inactive());
- else
- schedule_timeout(msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10));
- try_to_freeze();
- break;
- }
- }
- return 0;
- }
3. bdi相关数据结构
在bdi数据结构中定义了一个writeback对象,该对象是对writeback内核线程的描述,并且封装了需要处理的inode队列。在bdi数据结构中有一条work_list,该work队列维护了writeback内核线程需要处理的任务。如果该队列上没有work可以处理,那么writeback内核线程将会睡眠等待。
writeback
writeback对象封装了内核线程task以及需要处理的inode队列。当page cache/buffer cache需要刷新radix tree上的inode时,可以将该inode挂载到writeback对象的b_dirty队列上,然后唤醒writeback线程。在处理过程中,inode会被移到b_io队列上进行处理。多条链表的方式可以降低多线程之间的资源共享。writeback数据结构具体定义如下:
- struct bdi_writeback {
- struct backing_dev_info *bdi; /* our parent bdi */
- unsigned int nr;
- unsigned long last_old_flush; /* last old data flush */
- unsigned long last_active; /* last time bdi thread was active */
- struct task_struct *task; /* writeback thread */
- struct timer_list wakeup_timer; /* used for delayed bdi thread wakeup */
- struct list_head b_dirty; /* dirty inodes */
- struct list_head b_io; /* parked for writeback */
- struct list_head b_more_io; /* parked for more writeback */
- spinlock_t list_lock; /* protects the b_* lists */
- };
writeback work
wb_writeback_work数据结构是对writeback任务的封装,不同的任务可以采用不同的刷新策略。writeback线程的处理对象就是writeback_work。如果writeback_work队列为空,那么内核线程就可以睡眠了。
Writeback_work的数据结构定义如下:
- struct wb_writeback_work {
- long nr_pages;
- struct super_block *sb; /* superblock对象 */
- unsigned long *older_than_this;
- enum writeback_sync_modes sync_mode;
- unsigned int tagged_writepages:1;
- unsigned int for_kupdate:1;
- unsigned int range_cyclic:1;
- unsigned int for_background:1;
- enum wb_reason reason; /* why was writeback initiated? */
- struct list_head list; /* pending work list,链入bdi-> work_list队列 */
- struct completion *done; /* set if the caller waits,work完成时通知调用者 */
- };
4. writeback主要函数分析
writeback机制的主要函数包括如下两个方面:
1. 管理bdi对象并且fork相应的writeback内核线程处理cache数据的刷新工作。
2. writeback内核线程处理函数,实现dirty page的刷新操作
writeback线程管理
Linux中有一个内核守护线程,该线程用来管理系统bdi队列,并且负责为block device创建writeback thread。当bdi中有dirty page并且还没有为bdi分配内核线程的时候,bdi_forker_thread程序会为其分配线程资源;当一个writeback线程长时间处于空闲状态时,bdi_forker_thread程序会释放该线程资源。
转自:http://blog.csdn.net/myarrow/article/details/8918944
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