Linux字符设备驱动

一、首先列出程序的全部源码

      /root/drivers/freg

      ----freg.c

      ----freg.h

      ----Makefile

      freg.h

#ifndef _FAKE_REG_H_
#define _FAKE_REG_H_

#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/semaphore.h>

#define FREG_DEVICE_NODE_NAME  "freg"
#define FREG_DEVICE_FILE_NAME  "freg"
#define FREG_DEVICE_PROC_NAME  "freg"
#define FREG_DEVICE_CLASS_NAME "freg"

struct fake_reg_dev {
	int val;
	struct semaphore sem;
	struct cdev dev;
};

#endif
    

     freg.c

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>

#include "freg.h"

static int freg_major = 0;
static int freg_minor = 0;

static struct class* freg_class = NULL;
static struct fake_reg_dev* freg_dev = NULL;

static int freg_open(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp);
static int freg_release(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp);
static ssize_t freg_read(struct file* filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos);
static ssize_t freg_write(struct file* filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos);

static struct file_operations freg_fops = {
        .owner = THIS_MODULE,
        .open = freg_open,
        .release = freg_release,
        .read = freg_read,
        .write = freg_write,
};



static int freg_open(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp) {
	struct fake_reg_dev* dev;
	
	dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct fake_reg_dev, dev);
	filp->private_data = dev;

	return 0;
}

static int freg_release(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp) {
	return 0;
}

static ssize_t freg_read(struct file* filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos) {
	ssize_t err = 0;
	struct fake_reg_dev* dev = filp->private_data;

	if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {	
		return -ERESTARTSYS;
	}

	if(count < sizeof(dev->val)) {
		goto out;
	}

	if(copy_to_user(buf, &(dev->val), sizeof(dev->val))) {
		err = -EFAULT;
		goto out;
	}

	err = sizeof(dev->val);

out:
	up(&(dev->sem));
	return err;
}

static ssize_t freg_write(struct file* filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos) {
	struct fake_reg_dev* dev = filp->private_data;
	ssize_t err = 0;

	if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {
                return -ERESTARTSYS;
        }

        if(count != sizeof(dev->val)) {
                goto out;
        }

	if(copy_from_user(&(dev->val), buf, count)) {
		err = -EFAULT;
		goto out;
	}

	err = sizeof(dev->val);

out:
	up(&(dev->sem));
	return err;
}






static int  __freg_setup_dev(struct fake_reg_dev* dev) {
	int err;
	dev_t devno = MKDEV(freg_major, freg_minor);

	memset(dev, 0, sizeof(struct fake_reg_dev));

	cdev_init(&(dev->dev), &freg_fops);
	dev->dev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
	dev->dev.ops = &freg_fops;//回调函数

	err = cdev_add(&(dev->dev),devno, 1);
	if(err) {
		return err;
	}	

	init_MUTEX(&(dev->sem));//信号量
	dev->val = 0;

	return 0;
}

static int __init freg_init(void) { 
	int err = -1;
	dev_t dev = 0;/一个32位的数,其中12位用来表示主设备号,而其余20位用来表示次设备号
	struct device* temp = NULL;

	printk(KERN_ALERT"Initializing freg device.\n");

	err = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, 1, FREG_DEVICE_NODE_NAME);//动态分配主设备号和次设备号
	if(err < 0) {
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to alloc char dev region.\n");
		goto fail;
	}
        
	freg_major = MAJOR(dev);//获取主设备号
	freg_minor = MINOR(dev);//获取次设备号

	freg_dev = kmalloc(sizeof(struct fake_reg_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if(!freg_dev) {
		err = -ENOMEM;
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to alloc freg device.\n");
		goto unregister;
	}

	err = __freg_setup_dev(freg_dev);
	if(err) {
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to setup freg device: %d.\n", err);
		goto cleanup;
	}

	freg_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, FREG_DEVICE_CLASS_NAME);
	if(IS_ERR(freg_class)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(freg_class);
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create freg device class.\n");
		goto destroy_cdev;
	}

	temp = device_create(freg_class, NULL, dev, "%s", FREG_DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
	if(IS_ERR(temp)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(temp);
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create freg device.\n");
		goto destroy_class;
	}


	printk(KERN_ALERT"Succedded to initialize freg device.\n");

	return 0;


destroy_class://错误处理机制
	class_destroy(freg_class);
destroy_cdev:
	cdev_del(&(freg_dev->dev));	
cleanup:
	kfree(freg_dev);
unregister:
	unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(freg_major, freg_minor), 1);	
fail:
	return err;
}

static void __exit freg_exit(void) {
	dev_t devno = MKDEV(freg_major, freg_minor);//获取dev_t变量

	printk(KERN_ALERT"Destroy freg device.\n");
	

	if(freg_class) {
        device_destroy(freg_class, MKDEV(freg_major,freg_minor));//删除/dev/freg文件
		class_destroy(freg_class);
	}

	if(freg_dev) {//删除字符设备
		cdev_del(&(freg_dev->dev));
		kfree(freg_dev);
	}

	unregister_chrdev_region(devno, 1);//取消原来申请的主设备号和次设备号
}

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Fake Register Driver");//如果是android内核源码中,make menuconfig出现的界面会有此项

module_init(freg_init);//insmod执行这个函数
module_exit(freg_exit);//rmmod执行这个函数
   
     Makefile

obj-m :=freg.o


二、编写Linux驱动程序的步骤

第1步:建立Linux驱动骨架(装载和卸载Linux驱动)

       任何类型的程序都需要一个开始执行的函数,比如C语言需要一个main函数,Linux提供两个函数module_init和module_exit来分别处理驱动程序的初始化和退出。module_init相当于C语言的main函数。

module_init(freg_init);
module_exit(freg_exit);

第2步:注册和注销设备文件

      注册设备文件在本程序中分为3小步:

       1、动态分配主设备号和次设备号;

        dev_t dev = 0;
	err = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, 1, FREG_DEVICE_NODE_NAME);//动态分配主设备号和次设备号
       dev_t是一个32位的数,其中12位用来表示主设备号,而其余20位用来表示次设备号。

       MAJOR(dev_t dev)用来获取主设备号,MINOR(dev_t dev)用来获取次设备号。

       MKDEV(int major,int minor)将主设备号和次设备号转换成dev_t类型。

       2、根据得到的主设备号和次设备号注册字符设备;

static int  __freg_setup_dev(struct fake_reg_dev* dev) {
	int err;
	dev_t devno = MKDEV(freg_major, freg_minor);

	memset(dev, 0, sizeof(struct fake_reg_dev));

	cdev_init(&(dev->dev), &freg_fops);
	dev->dev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
	dev->dev.ops = &freg_fops;

	err = cdev_add(&(dev->dev),devno, 1);
	if(err) {
		return err;
	}	

	init_MUTEX(&(dev->sem));
	dev->val = 0;

	return 0;
}

       3、为驱动程序建立文件/dev/freg,来操作字符设备驱动。

        freg_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, FREG_DEVICE_CLASS_NAME);
	if(IS_ERR(freg_class)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(freg_class);
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create freg device class.\n");
		goto destroy_cdev;
	}

	temp = device_create(freg_class, NULL, dev, "%s", FREG_DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
	if(IS_ERR(temp)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(temp);
		printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create freg device.\n");
		goto destroy_class;
	}


      注销设备文件:

      前面3步的逆操作。

static void __exit freg_exit(void) {
	dev_t devno = MKDEV(freg_major, freg_minor);

	printk(KERN_ALERT"Destroy freg device.\n");
	

	if(freg_class) {
        device_destroy(freg_class, MKDEV(freg_major,freg_minor));
		class_destroy(freg_class);
	}

	if(freg_dev) {
		cdev_del(&(freg_dev->dev));
		kfree(freg_dev);
	}

	unregister_chrdev_region(devno, 1);
}

第3步:指定与驱动相关信息

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Fake Register Driver");


第4步:指定回调函数
static int freg_open(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp);
static int freg_release(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp);
static ssize_t freg_read(struct file* filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos);
static ssize_t freg_write(struct file* filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos);

static struct file_operations freg_fops = {
        .owner = THIS_MODULE,
        .open = freg_open,
        .release = freg_release,
        .read = freg_read,
        .write = freg_write,
};



static int freg_open(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp) {
	struct fake_reg_dev* dev;
	
	dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct fake_reg_dev, dev);
	filp->private_data = dev;

	return 0;
}

static int freg_release(struct inode* inode, struct file* filp) {
	return 0;
}

static ssize_t freg_read(struct file* filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos) {
	ssize_t err = 0;
	struct fake_reg_dev* dev = filp->private_data;

	if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {	
		return -ERESTARTSYS;
	}

	if(count < sizeof(dev->val)) {
		goto out;
	}

	if(copy_to_user(buf, &(dev->val), sizeof(dev->val))) {
		err = -EFAULT;
		goto out;
	}

	err = sizeof(dev->val);

out:
	up(&(dev->sem));
	return err;
}

static ssize_t freg_write(struct file* filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t* f_pos) {
	struct fake_reg_dev* dev = filp->private_data;
	ssize_t err = 0;

	if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) {
                return -ERESTARTSYS;
        }

        if(count != sizeof(dev->val)) {
                goto out;
        }

	if(copy_from_user(&(dev->val), buf, count)) {
		err = -EFAULT;
		goto out;
	}

	err = sizeof(dev->val);

out:
	up(&(dev->sem));
	return err;
}
      可能有的读者注意到了。freg.c中的所有函数、变量都声明成了static。这是因为在C语言中用static声明函数、变量等资源,系统会将这些函数和变量单独放在内存的某一个区域,直到程序完全退出,否则这些资源不会被释放。Linux驱动一旦装载,除非手动卸载或关机,驱动会一直驻留内存,因此这些函数和变量资源会一直在内存中。也就是说多次调用这些资源不用再进行压栈、出栈操作了。有利于提高驱动的运行效率。


第5步:编写MakeFile文件

obj-m :=freg.o
   

第6步:编译Linux驱动模块

       sudo su 进入root模式

       make -C /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.32-21-generic/ M=/root/drivers/freg/


第7步:安装和卸载Linux驱动

      安装freg驱动:

      cd /root/drivers/freg/

      insmod freg.ko


      查看freg是否成功安装:

       lsmod | grep freg

      显示如下:

       freg                    2188  0 


       查看/dev/freg信息

        ls -l /dev/freg

       显示如下:

       crw-rw---- 1 root root 248, 0 2014-06-06 23:50 /dev/freg

       卸载Linux驱动

       rmmod freg

  

       查看由Linux驱动输出的日志信息

       dmesg | grep freg 

       最后三行,显示如下:

[ 7722.273680] Initializing freg device.
[ 7722.274095] Succedded to initialize freg device.
[10766.282006] Destroy freg device.

三、编写C语言程序验证freg驱动程序

      /root/drivers/freg

      ----hello.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define DEVICE_NAME "/dev/freg"
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	int fd = -1;
	int val = 0;
	fd = open(DEVICE_NAME, O_RDWR);
	if(fd == -1) {
		printf("Failed to open device %s.\n", DEVICE_NAME);
		return -1;
	}
	
	printf("Read original value:\n");
	read(fd, &val, sizeof(val));
	printf("%d.\n\n", val);
	val = 5;
	printf("Write value %d to %s.\n\n", val, DEVICE_NAME);
        write(fd, &val, sizeof(val));
	
	printf("Read the value again:\n");
        read(fd, &val, sizeof(val));
        printf("%d.\n\n", val);
	close(fd);
	return 0;
}

     编译gcc hello.c -o hello

     运行./hello,结果如下:

Read original value:
0.

Write value 5 to /dev/freg.

Read the value again:
5.

Linux字符设备驱动,古老的榕树,5-wow.com

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