设计模式:工厂方法模式(Python)
来自:http://blog.csdn.net/ericzhong83/article/details/7604728
工厂方法模式(Factory Method Pattern):
定义了一个创建对象的接口,但由子类决定要实例化类的哪一个;即通过子类来创建对象。
原则:
要依赖抽象,不要依赖具体类。
案例:
先解释什么是工厂:
如果你开一家Pizza店(PizzaStore抽象类)卖各种风味的Pizza(Pizza子类),那么你需要根据客户要求准备相应的Pizza(创建Pizza对象),然后烘烤、切片、包装;
最简单的做法就是在PizzaStore中根据客户要求(类型判断)创建相应的Pizza对象,然后调用Pizza自身(由Pizza抽象类实现)的烘烤、切片和包装方法;
但这样的代码缺乏弹性,因为你让一个抽象类去依赖具体的对象;我们可以创建一个工厂来生产Pizza,根据传入的不同类型值返回不同Pizza对象,即从PizzaStore中将创建对象的代码挪到工厂中。但这只是一个编程技巧,并不算模式。
在工厂方法模式中,我们在PizzaStore中定义一个抽象接口(create_pizza)作为抽象的工厂,而order_pizza是它的客户;将Pizza对象的创建放到PizzaStore子类去解决。
现有Cheese和Clam两款Pizza,以及NY和Chicago两家分店,每家店的同款Pizza的口味不同——为迎合当地口味做了改进,主要差别来自不同的原材料,因此我们实现四个Pizza类型(NYStyleCheesePizza、NYStyleClamPizza、 ChicagoStyleCheesePizza和ChicagoStyleClamPizza),每种使用不同的原材料组合,根据客户所在城市和选择款式我们创建不同的对象;根据工厂方法,我们将对象创建的代码放到PizzaStore子类去实现。
代码:
#!/usr/bin/python class Pizza: name = "" dough = "" sauce = "" toppings = [] def prepare(self): print "Preparing %s" % self.name print " dough: %s" % self.dough print " sauce: %s" % self.sauce print " add toppings:" for n in self.toppings: print " %s" % n def bake(self): print "Bake for 25 minutes at 350." def cut(self): print "Cutting into diagonal slices." def box(self): print "Put into official box." def get_name(self): return self.name class PizzaStore: def order_pizza(self, pizza_type): self.pizza = self.create_pizza(pizza_type) self.pizza.prepare() self.pizza.bake() self.pizza.cut() self.pizza.box() return self.pizza def create_pizza(self, pizza_type): pass class NYStyleCheesePizza(Pizza): def __init__(self): self.name = "NY Style Cheese Pizza" self.dough = "NY Dough" self.sauce = "NY Sauce" self.toppings.append("NY toopping A") self.toppings.append("NY toopping B") class ChicagoStyleCheesePizza(Pizza): def __init__(self): self.name = "Chicago Style Cheese Pizza" self.dough = "Chicago Dough" self.sauce = "Chicago Sauce" sefl.toppings.append("Chicago toopping A") def cut(self): print "Cutting into square slices." class NYStyleClamPizza(Pizza): def __init__(self): self.name = "NY Style Clam Pizza" self.dough = "NY Dough" self.sauce = "NY Sauce" self.toppings.append("NY toopping A") self.toppings.append("NY toopping B") class ChicagoStyleClamPizza(Pizza): def __init__(self): self.name = "Chicago Style Clam Pizza" self.dough = "Chicago Dough" self.sauce = "Chicago Sauce" self.toppings.append("Chicago toopping A") def cut(self): print "Cutting into square slices." class NYPizzaStore(PizzaStore): def create_pizza(self, pizza_type): if pizza_type == "cheese": return NYStyleCheesePizza() elif pizza_type == "clam": return NYStyleClamPizza() else: return None class ChicagoPizzaStore(PizzaStore): def create_pizza(self, pizza_type): if pizza_type == "cheese": return ChicagoStyleCheesePizza() elif pizza_type == "clam": return ChicagoStyleClamPizza() else: return None if __name__ == "__main__": ny_store = NYPizzaStore() chicago_store = ChicagoPizzaStore() pizza = ny_store.order_pizza("cheese") print "Mike ordered a %s." % pizza.get_name() print pizza = chicago_store.order_pizza("clam") print "John ordered a %s." % pizza.get_name() print
输出:
Preparing NY Style Cheese Pizza dough: NY Dough sauce: NY Sauce add toppings: NY toopping A NY toopping B Bake for 25 minutes at 350. Cutting into diagonal slices. Put into official box. Mike ordered a NY Style Cheese Pizza. Preparing Chicago Style Clam Pizza dough: Chicago Dough sauce: Chicago Sauce add toppings: NY toopping A NY toopping B Chicago toopping A Bake for 25 minutes at 350. Cutting into square slices. Put into official box. John ordered a Chicago Style Clam Pizza.
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