常用数据操纵语言
DISTINCT:
指定结果集中返回指定列存在不重复数据的记录
SELECT DISTINCT EMAIL FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;
ROWNUM:
使用ROWNUM列来查询结果集中前N个记录
SELECT * FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE ROWNUM<=3;
显示列别名:
SELECT EMP_NAME AS 姓名 FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;
设置查询条件:
SELECT SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY>2000 AND SALARY <4000;
在查询条件中使用BETWEEN关键字
SELECT SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 2000 AND 4000;
在查询条件中使用IN关键字
指定查询的取值列表
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY IN (‘2000‘,‘3000‘);
FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME SALARY
-------------------- ------------------------- ----------
Anthony Cabrio 3000
Kevin Feeney 3000
实现模糊查询:
使用LIKE关键字和通配符实现模糊查询
% 包含零个或多个任意字符的字符串
- 任意单个字符
? 任意单个字符
# 表示0~9的数字
[] 指定范围或集合中的任意单个字符,[a~f]表示a~f中的一个字符
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,PHONE_NUMBER FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE PHONE_NUMBER LIKE ‘%80%‘;
FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME PHONE_NUMBER
-------------------- ------------------------- --------------------
Shelley Higgins 515.123.8080
Trenna Rajs 650.121.8009
排序结果集:
ORDER BY {<排序表达式>[ASC|DESC]} [,...N]
SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE ROWNUM<=10 ORDER BY SALARY DESC
对多列进行排序:
SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,SALARY,PHONE_NUMBER FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE ROWNUM<=10 ORDER BY SALARY,PHONE_NUMBER;
使用分组统计:
使用GROUP BY子句指定查询结果的分组条件
选择列表中每一个非聚合表达式内的所有列都应包含在GROUP BY列表中,GROUP BY 表达式必须与选择列表表达式完全匹配
GROUP BY [ALL] <分组表达式>[,....n]
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,AVG(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID;
DEPARTMENT_ID AVG(SALARY)
------------- -----------
100 8601.33333
30 4150
HAVING
HAVING通常与GROUP BY 子句一起使用,作用与WHERE子句一样
HAVING:子句搜索条件在进行分组操作之后应用
WHERE:子句搜索条件在进行分组之前应用
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,AVG(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID HAVING AVG(SALARY)>4000;
DEPARTMENT_ID AVG(SALARY)
------------- -----------
100 8601.33333
30 4150
7000
20 9500
连接查询:
内连接 使用比较运算符(=号),包含空值的列不与任何值匹配,不能包含在结果集中,空值不与其他的空值匹配
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT T1.FIRST_NAME,T1.LAST_NAME,T2.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.DEPARTMENTS T2,HR.EMPLOYEES T1 WHERE T1.DEPARTMENT_ID=T2.DEPARTMENT_ID;
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT T1.FIRST_NAME,T1.LAST_NAME,T2.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.DEPARTMENTS T2 INNER JOIN HR.EMPLOYEES T1 ON T1.DEPARTMENT_ID=T2.DEPARTMENT_ID;
外连接:主表的每一行数据去匹配从表中的数据列,符合的返回到结果集中,不符合的,将被填上空值后返回到结果集中
LEFT [OUTER] JOIN左向外连接:连接子句左侧的表为主表,主表中的所有记录都将出现在结果集中,如果主表中的记录在右表中没有匹配的数据,则结果集中右表的列值为空
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT T1.DEPARTMENT_NAME,T2.FIRST_NAME FROM HR.DEPARTMENTS T1 LEFT OUTER JOIN HR.EMPLOYEES T2 ON T1.DEPARTMENT_ID=T2.DEPARTMENT_ID;
RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN右向外连接:子句右侧的表为主表,主表中所有记录都将出现在结果集中,如果主表中的记录在左表中没有匹配的数据,则结果集中右表的列
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT T1.FIRST_NAME,T2.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.EMPLOYEES T1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN HR.DEPARTMENTS T2 ON T1.DEPARTMENT_ID=T2.DEPARTMENT_ID;
FULL [OUTER] JOIN完整外部连接: 连接包括连接表中的所有行,无论它们是否匹配(相关于左向外连接与右向外连接的并集)
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT T1.FIRST_NAME,T2.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.EMPLOYEES T1 FULL OUTER JOIN HR.DEPARTMENTS T2 ON T1.DEPARTMENT_ID=T2.DEPARTMENT_ID;
交叉连接:不常用,两个表中的每两行都可能互相组合成为结果集中的一行,一般用于穷举两个表的所有可能的记录组合
SELECT T1.FIRST_NAME,T2.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.EMPLOYEES T1 CROSS JOIN HR.DEPARTMENTS T2
查询不存在员工的部门:
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT T1.FIRST_NAME,T2.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.EMPLOYEES T1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN HR.DEPARTMENTS T2 ON T1.DEPARTMENT_ID=T2.DEPARTMENT_ID WHERE T1.FIRST_NAME IS NULL;
使用简单的子查询:
子查询就是在一个SELECT语句中又嵌套一个SELECT语句
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=(SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM HR.DEPARTMENTS WHERE DEPARTMENT_NAME=‘Marketing‘);
查询所有低于平均工资的员工:
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY<(SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES);
IN关键字与返回多值的子查询
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM HR.DEPARTMENTS WHERE DEPARTMENT_NAME=‘Marketing‘ OR DEPARTMENT_NAME=‘Purchasing‘);
使用UNION关键字的合并查询:
将两个或更多查询的结果给合为单个结果集,结果集包含联合查询中的所有查询的全部行,会自动过滤重复的记录
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM HR.DEPARTMENTS
UNION SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,FIRST_NAME FROM HR.EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY>1000;
UNION ALL: 将不会过滤重复的记录
在SELECT语句中使用DECODE函数:
将输入值和函数职的参数列表相比较,根据输入值返回一个对应值,如果参数列表中没有对应值,则返回默认值
DECODE(<输入值>,<值1>,<结果1>[,<值2>,<结果2>][,<默认值>])
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,DECODE(SALARY,‘2600‘,‘LOW‘,‘10000‘,‘HIGH‘,‘VERY_LOW‘)AS SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;
在SELECT 语句中使用CASE函数(与DECODE函数功能相同)
CASE<输入值>WHEN<值1>THEN<结果1>
[WHEN<值2>THEN<结果2>]
[ELSE<默认结果>]
END
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>SELECT FIRST_NAME,CASE SALARY WHEN 2600 THEN ‘LOW‘ WHEN 10000 THEN ‘HIGH‘ ELSE ‘VERY_LOW‘ END AS SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;
CASE
WHEN<逻辑表达式1>THEN<结果1>
[WHEN<逻辑表达式2>THEN<结果2>]
[ELSE<默认结果>]
END
SELECT FIRST_NAME,CASE WHEN SALARY<=2000 THEN ‘LOW‘ WHEN SALARY>=3000 AND SALARY<=10000 THEN ‘HIGH‘ ELSE ‘VERY_LOW‘ END AS SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;
保存查询结果:
将查询结果保存到一个新表中
CREATE TABLE <新表名> AS
<SELECT 子句>
<FROM 子句>
<WHERE 子句>
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>CREATE TABLE HR.EMP_USER AS SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;
SYS AS SYSDBA@ORCL>DESC HR.EMP_USER;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------
FIRST_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
LAST_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(25)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
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