Python GIL 在 Linux 下的实现
在Python初始化多线程环境这部分Linux和Windows一样,就是把initialized变量设为1,并没有做其它的事情。Linux下的GIL实现有两套,由USE_SEMAPHORES宏决定。由名字就可以看出一种实现是使用信号量,一种是不使用信号量的。主要代码都在Python/thread_pthread.h中。
在Python中,GIL的数据结构为PyThread_type_lock,它是一个指向void的指针,这也是因为不同平台实现不同,无法确定一个具体的类型。对GIL的操作共有4种,分别是PyThread_allocate_lock,PyThread_free_lock,PyThread_acquire_lock,PyThread_release_lock。分别执行创建、销毁、锁、解锁GIL的动作。在Python内部还有一个变量会影响到线程請求GIL时的行为,这就是waitflag,如果waitflag为True,那么线程将被阻塞在請求GIL的操作上,反之非阻塞。下面分别分析两种不同的实现。
一、使用信号量
使用信号量时的实现相当地简单明了。GIL就是一个信号量(sem_t)。直接上代码(有精简)。
PyThread_type_lock
PyThread_allocate_lock(void)
{
sem_t *lock;
int status, error = 0;
lock = (sem_t *)malloc(sizeof(sem_t));
if (lock) {
status = sem_init(lock,0,1);
}
return (PyThread_type_lock)lock;
}
void
PyThread_free_lock(PyThread_type_lock lock)
{
sem_t *thelock = (sem_t *)lock;
int status, error = 0;
status = sem_destroy(thelock);
free((void *)thelock);
}
/*
* As of February 2002, Cygwin thread implementations mistakenly report error
* codes in the return value of the sem_ calls (like the pthread_ functions).
* Correct implementations return -1 and put the code in errno. This supports
* either.
*/
static int
fix_status(int status)
{
return (status == -1) ? errno : status;
}
int
PyThread_acquire_lock(PyThread_type_lock lock, int waitflag)
{
int success;
sem_t *thelock = (sem_t *)lock;
int status, error = 0;
// [1]
do {
if (waitflag)
status = fix_status(sem_wait(thelock));
else
status = fix_status(sem_trywait(thelock));
} while (status == EINTR); /* Retry if interrupted by a signal */
if (waitflag) {
CHECK_STATUS("sem_wait");
} else if (status != EAGAIN) {
CHECK_STATUS("sem_trywait");
}
success = (status == 0) ? 1 : 0;
return success;
}
void
PyThread_release_lock(PyThread_type_lock lock)
{
sem_t *thelock = (sem_t *)lock;
int status, error = 0;
status = sem_post(thelock);
}
在代码中看到的sem_*开头的函数是符合POSIX的信号量操作函数,可以看到Python其实就是对信号量的操作进行了一下包装,而在[1]处的代码则保证請求锁这个操作不会被信号所中断,看过Unix Networking Programming的应该会对这样的語句很熟悉吧。
二、使用一个自定义结构
这种情况稍微复杂一点点。先来看看在这种情况下GIL是个什么东西。
/* A pthread mutex isn't sufficient to model the Python lock type
* because, according to Draft 5 of the docs (P1003.4a/D5), both of the
* following are undefined:
* -> a thread tries to lock a mutex it already has locked
* -> a thread tries to unlock a mutex locked by a different thread
* pthread mutexes are designed for serializing threads over short pieces
* of code anyway, so wouldn't be an appropriate implementation of
* Python's locks regardless.
*
* The pthread_lock struct implements a Python lock as a "locked?" bit
* and a <condition, mutex> pair. In general, if the bit can be acquired
* instantly, it is, else the pair is used to block the thread until the
* bit is cleared. 9 May 1994 tim@ksr.com
*/
typedef struct {
char locked; /* 0=unlocked, 1=locked */
/* a <cond, mutex> pair to handle an acquire of a locked lock */
pthread_cond_t lock_released;
pthread_mutex_t mut;
} pthread_lock;
可以看到Python自定义了一个struct,其中的locked属性用来表示GIL是否被锁,lock_released和mut共同来实现解锁和锁操作。为什么要这样做呢?注意代码中的注释,可以看到pthread_mutex在两种情况下的行为是不可以预测的:一个线程再次請求被它占有的锁和請求解锁属于另一个线程的锁。我又找了找这方面的资料(链接),发现pthread_mutex有一个kind属性,它可能是fast,recursive或error checking。不同kind属性的pthread_mutex在上述两个操作下的行为是不相同的,而这几个属性都是NP,也就是Non-Portable的,并不通用。在注释中还提到了设计理念的原因,不过这个我就没有太多研究了。接下来看看具体的对GIL的操作。
PyThread_type_lock
PyThread_allocate_lock(void)
{
pthread_lock *lock;
int status, error = 0;
lock = (pthread_lock *) malloc(sizeof(pthread_lock));
if (lock) {
memset((void *)lock, '\0', sizeof(pthread_lock));
lock->locked = 0;
status = pthread_mutex_init(&lock->mut,
pthread_mutexattr_default);
status = pthread_cond_init(&lock->lock_released,
pthread_condattr_default);
}
return (PyThread_type_lock) lock;
}
void
PyThread_free_lock(PyThread_type_lock lock)
{
pthread_lock *thelock = (pthread_lock *)lock;
int status, error = 0;
status = pthread_mutex_destroy( &thelock->mut );
status = pthread_cond_destroy( &thelock->lock_released );
free((void *)thelock);
}
可以看到创建和销毁GIL的代码还是非常地直观地,就是分别地创建和销毁其中的lock_released和mut。請求锁和解锁的操作稍微绕了一点点弯,如下。
int
PyThread_acquire_lock(PyThread_type_lock lock, int waitflag)
{
int success;
pthread_lock *thelock = (pthread_lock *)lock;
int status, error = 0;
status = pthread_mutex_lock( &thelock->mut );
success = thelock->locked == 0;
if ( !success && waitflag ) {
/* continue trying until we get the lock */
/* mut must be locked by me -- part of the condition
* protocol */
while ( thelock->locked ) {
status = pthread_cond_wait(&thelock->lock_released,
&thelock->mut);
}
success = 1;
}
if (success) thelock->locked = 1;
status = pthread_mutex_unlock( &thelock->mut );
if (error) success = 0;
return success;
}
void
PyThread_release_lock(PyThread_type_lock lock)
{
pthread_lock *thelock = (pthread_lock *)lock;
int status, error = 0;
status = pthread_mutex_lock( &thelock->mut );
thelock->locked = 0;
status = pthread_mutex_unlock( &thelock->mut );
/* wake up someone (anyone, if any) waiting on the lock */
status = pthread_cond_signal( &thelock->lock_released );
具体每一步各个参数返回什么值可以自己手动拿张纸画画,还是很好推的。直接给出结论:GIL在上述两种情况下的动作分别是:当一个线程试图去锁定已经被它锁定过的GIL时,阻塞(waitflag == 1)或返回失败(waitflag == 0),分别类似于kind属性为fast 和 error checking的pthread_mutex;当一个线程试图去解锁并不是由它锁定的GIL时,马上返回,并成功解锁,类似于kink为fast的pthread_mutex。至此解析完成。
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