SQL常用的语句和函数
原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/mailingfeng/archive/2013/01/07/2850116.html
order by 的数值型灵活使用
select * from table_a where order by decode(函数,‘asc‘,1,‘desc‘,-1)*jsny;
控制试图的访问时间:
6.create view ...
as
select ... from where exists(select x from dual where sysdate>=8:00am and sysdate<=5:00pm)
妙用decode实现排序
select * from tabname
order by decode(mode,‘FIFO‘,1,-1)*to_char(rq,‘yyyymmddhh24miss‘);
select * from tabname
order by decode(mode,‘FIFO‘,rq-sysdate, sysdate-rq)
找出某个时期内工作日数:
select count(*)
from ( select rownum-1 rnum
from all_objects
where rownum <= to_date(‘2002-02-28‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘) - to_date(‘2002-
02-01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘)+1 )
where to_char( to_date(‘2002-02-01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘)+rnum-1, ‘D‘ ) not
in ( ‘1‘, ‘7‘ )
我觉得查询重复记录的语句就很经典
select rowid,bdsszd from BADWDJ a where a.rowid != (select max(rowid) from BADWDJ b where a.bdsszd =b.bdsszd)
由它引申的就有很多有用的语句,如昨天回答别人的排序的难题
select id,bdsszd from BADWDJ a where a.id = (select max(id) from BADWDJ b where a.bdsszd =b.bdsszd) order by id
树型结构表的查询:
select ID,PARENT_ID from parent_child
connect by prior
start with
1.decode这个函数一定需要会,我觉得sql的灵活很多地方都是通过这个function来体现的,相当于if,很好用。
2.group by,这个东东想想简单,其实好多统计功能是离不开这个操作的。oracle8中扩充了group by rollup和cube的操作。有时候省了你好多功夫的。值得注意的是,当你对事物做过有效的人为归并之后执行group by 往往会更让人心旷神怡。
3.很表竖置的经典写法,也要记住:sum(decode( )) group by ...
注意:需要在一个subquery中确定一个横置判点。
4.树形结构表的遍历写法:select ...from ....
start with ... connect by prior (父子关系表达式)
select * from xxx where decode(:var,null,‘0‘,column1) = decode(:var,null,‘0‘,:var);
816以上的 一些分析函数如 rank() over() and row_number() over()
当然关于 group by rollup/cube使用的人恐怕特别少
如何实现最大匹配的操作?
例如:给定字符串 ‘1234‘, 而表中可能有记录项‘1‘,‘12‘,‘123‘,‘1234‘,‘12345‘,要选出‘1234‘项
select * from (
select col_FT from table_FT
where instr(‘12345‘,col_FT)=1
order by length(col_FT) desc)
where rownum =1
给你一个意想不到的东西
SQL> select to_char(to_date(12,‘yyyy‘),‘year‘) from dual;
TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(12,‘YYYY‘),‘YEAR‘)
------------------------------------------
twelve
select to_char(sysdate,‘day‘) from dual
还有 d、iw、mm等等格式
对于translate函数有一个功能
比如:找出某个字符串中完全是数字
select * from xxx where translate(column1,‘1234567890‘,‘‘) = column1;
select trunc(sysdate) from dual;
select trunc(sysdate,‘mm‘) from dual;
大家构造几个例子看看就能明白
select a,b,sum(c) from xxx group by rollup(a,b);
select a,b,sum(c) from xxx group by cube(a,b);
怎么查找字符串里面包含有%的记录:
当然,常规方法就是利用 escape了
可如果不知道escape也行,比如
select * from xxx where replace(a,‘%‘,‘‘) = a;
利用decode解决动态sql的不确定条件查询的问题:
假设前台传入的都是变量
select * from xxx where decode(:var,null,‘0‘,column1) = decode(:var,null,‘0‘,:var);
这样比 like :var||‘%‘ 效率高
另:对于
select ...
from a,b
where a.a = b.a(+) and b.a is null;
我想对于不明白的朋友,我要交代一下用处才好:
比如,你需要查找在a表中有而b表中没有的记录
也许你会选择 not in:
select * from a aa where aa.a1 not in (select a1 from bb);
这是效率最低的
或者:
select a1 from aa
minus
select a1 from bb;
所有这些写法,都不如下面下率高:
select a.* from aa a,bb b
where a.a1 = b.a1(+) and b.a1 is null;
给一个很普通的适用的最高效的外连接例子(不是什么新鲜玩意):
select ...
from a,b
where a.a = b.a(+) and b.a is null;
我要按年龄段(小于20,20-30,---)统计人数,我可以用
select
sum(decode(sign(age - 20),-1,1,0)),
sum(decode(sign(age - 20),-1,0,(decode(sign(age - 30,-1,1,0))))),
sum(decode(sign(age - 30),-1,0,(decode(sign(age - 40,-1,1,0))))),
sum(decode(sign(age - 40),-1,0,(decode(sign(age - 50,-1,1,0))))),
sum(decode(sign(age - 50),-1,0,1))
from xxx;
这样只做一遍表扫描
这是分了20以下和50以上的
类似的问题,自己扩展了
添加行号:
select (select count(*) from a1 where item <= a.item) AS ROW, * FROM a1 as a order by item
select * from table1 a
where id in (select top 3 from table1 where 物品=a.物品 order by price desc)
每一种物品有很多价格,每一种物品选择排在前三的纪录
1。job的使用:
DBMS_JOB.SUBMIT(:jobno,//job号
‘your_procedure;‘,//要执行的过程
trunc(sysdate)+1/24,//下次执行时间
‘trunc(sysdate)+1/24+1‘//每次间隔时间
);
删除job:dbms_job.remove(jobno);
修改要执行的操作:job:dbms_job.what(jobno,what);
修改下次执行时间:dbms_job.next_date(job,next_date);
修改间隔时间:dbms_job.interval(job,interval);
停止job:dbms.broken(job,broken,nextdate);
启动job:dbms_job.run(jobno);
例子:
VARIABLE jobno number;
begin
DBMS_JOB.SUBMIT(:jobno,
‘Procdemo;‘,//Procdemo为过程名称
SYSDATE, ‘SYSDATE + 1/720‘);
commit;
end;
/
2。把一个表放在内存里
alter table tablename cache.
3。创建临时表
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TABLENAME (
COL1 VARCHAR2(10),
COL2 NUMBER
) ON COMMIT PRESERVE(DELETE) ROWS ;
这种临时表不占用表空间,而且不同的SESSION之间互相看不到对方的数据
在会话结束后表中的数据自动清空,如果选了DELETE ROWS,则在提交的时候即清
空数据,PRESERVE则一直到会话结束
4。加一个自动增加的id号
第一种方法:
第一步:创建SEQUENCE
create sequence s_country_id increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue
999999999;
第二步:创建一个基于该表的before insert 触发器,在触发器中使用该
SEQUENCE
create or replace trigger bef_ins_t_country_define
before insert on t_country_define
referencing old as old new as new for each row
begin
select s_country_id.nextval into :new.country_id from dual;
end;
/
第二种方法:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TR1
BEFORE INSERT ON temp_table
FOR EACH ROW
declare
com_num NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(ID) INTO COM_NUM FROM TEMP_TABLE;
:NEW.ID:=COM_NUM+1;
END TR1;
/
5。限制用户登录:创建一个概要文件
create profile CLERK_PROFILE limit
session_per_user 1 #用户可拥有的会话次数
idle_time 10 #进程处于空闲状态的时间(10分钟)
然后就可以将该概要文件授予一个用户
alter user A profile CLERK_PROFILE;
6。使触发器为无效alter trigger yourtriggername disable
如果是对于某一个表的所有的触发器:
alter table yourtablename disable all triggers
更改数据库时间显示格式:
SQL> alter session set nls_date_format = ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS‘;
会话已更改。
1. 选取 TOP N 行记录
A. SELECT * FROM CAT WHERE ROWNUM<=N
B. SELECT * FROM
( SELECT * FROM CAT ORDER BY TABLE_TYPE )
WHERE ROWNUM<=N
2. 选取N1-N2行记录
A. SELECT TABLE_NAME,TABLE_TYPE FROM
( SELECT ROWNUM ROWSEQ,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_TYPE FROM CAT )
WHERE ROWSEQ BETWEEN N1+1 AND N2;
或:
SELECT * FROM CAT WHERE ROWNUM<=N2
MINUS
SELECT * FROM CAT WHERE ROWNUM
B. SELECT TABLE_NAME,TABLE_TYPE FROM
( SELECT ROWNUM ROWSEQ,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_TYPE FROM CAT ORDER BY TABLE_TYPE)
WHERE ROWSEQ BETWEEN N1+1 AND N2;
查主键名称:
select * from user_constraints
where table_name = ‘ART‘
and constraint_type =‘P‘;
保存过程内容到文件
先修改init.ora
例如:
utl_file_dir=/usr //路径为 oracle所在的盘:/usr
此过程将用户TEMP的P1过程的代码保存到ORACLE安装盘下/USR/TEXT.TXT中
create or replace procedure TEST
is
file_handle utl_file.file_type;
STOR_TEXT VARCHAR2(4000);
N NUMBER;
I NUMBER;
begin
I:=1;
SELECT MAX(LINE) INTO N FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE OWNER=‘TEMP‘ AND ;
file_handle:=utl_file.fopen(‘/usr‘,‘test.txt‘,‘a‘);
WHILE I<=N LOOP
SELECT TEXT INTO STOR_TEXT FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE OWNER=‘TEMP‘ AND AND LINE= I;
I:=I+1;
utl_file.put_line(file_handle,stor_text);
END LOOP;
utl_file.fclose(file_handle);
commit;
end TEST;
/
0、建立分区表
create table partition_test
(
id number(9),
tmpStr varchar2(10)
)
partition by range(id)
(
partition id01 values less than (3000000) tablespace test_tabspc1,
partition id02 values less than (6000000) tablespace test_tabspc2,
partition id03 values less than (9000000) tablespace test_tabspc3,
partition id04 values less than (12000000) tablespace test_tabspc4,
partition id05 values less than (MAXVALUE) tablespace test_tabspc5
)
/
1、建立局部分区索引
Create index your_index on caishui.partition_test(id)
local
(
partition id01 tablespace test_tabspc1,
partition id02 tablespace test_tabspc2,
partition id03 tablespace test_tabspc3,
partition id04 tablespace test_tabspc4,
partition id05 tablespace test_tabspc5
)
/
2、重建某一个分区的索引
alter index your_index rebuild partition id01 tablespace test_tabspc1
/
3、增加分区
alter table caishui.partition_test
add partition id06 values less than (15000000) tablespace test_tabspc6
/
4、有影响
5、可以
ALTER TABLE PARTITION_TEST
MERGE PARTITIONS
id01, id02
INTO PARTITION 新分区名
/
6、外部数据文件 d:\test.txt
1|猪八戒
2|孙悟空
3|唐僧
建一个控制文件 d:\test.ctl
load data
infile ‘d:\test.txt‘
append
into table partition_test
FIELDS TERMINATED BY "|"
(id,tmpStr)
将数据文件的数据导入数据库
sqlldr userid=caishui/password control=d:\test.ctl
如何正确利用Rownum来限制查询所返回的行数?
软件环境:
1、Windows NT4.0+ORACLE 8.0.4
2、ORACLE安装路径为:C:\ORANT
含义解释:
1、rownum是oracle系统顺序分配为从查询返回的行的编号,返回的第一行分配的是1,第二行是2,
依此类推,这个伪字段可以用于限制查询返回的总行数。
2、rownum不能以任何基表的名称作为前缀。
使用方法:
现有一个商品销售表sale,表结构为:
month char(6) --月份
sell number(10,2) --月销售金额
create table sale (month char(6),sell number);
insert into sale values(‘200001‘,1000);
insert into sale values(‘200002‘,1100);
insert into sale values(‘200003‘,1200);
insert into sale values(‘200004‘,1300);
insert into sale values(‘200005‘,1400);
insert into sale values(‘200006‘,1500);
insert into sale values(‘200007‘,1600);
insert into sale values(‘200101‘,1100);
insert into sale values(‘200202‘,1200);
insert into sale values(‘200301‘,1300);
insert into sale values(‘200008‘,1000);
commit;
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from sale where rownum=1;(可以用在限制返回记录条数的地方,保证不出错,如:隐式游标)
ROWNUM MONTH SELL
--------- ------ ---------
1 200001 1000
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from sale where rownum=2;(1以上都查不到记录)
没有查到记录
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from sale where rownum>5;
(由于rownum是一个总是从1开始的伪列,Oracle 认为这种条件不成立,查不到记录)
没有查到记录
只返回前3条纪录
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from sale where rownum<4;
ROWNUM MONTH SELL
--------- ------ ---------
1 200001 1000
2 200002 1100
3 200003 1200
如何用rownum实现大于、小于逻辑?(返回rownum在4—10之间的数据)(minus操作,速度会受影响)
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from sale where rownum<10
2 minus
3 select rownum,month,sell from sale where rownum<5;
ROWNUM MONTH SELL
--------- ------ ---------
5 200005 1400
6 200006 1500
7 200007 1600
8 200101 1100
9 200202 1200
想按日期排序,并且用rownum标出正确序号(有小到大)
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from sale order by month;
ROWNUM MONTH SELL
--------- ------ ---------
1 200001 1000
2 200002 1100
3 200003 1200
4 200004 1300
5 200005 1400
6 200006 1500
7 200007 1600
11 200008 1000
8 200101 1100
9 200202 1200
10 200301 1300
查询到11记录.
可以发现,rownum并没有实现我们的意图,系统是按照记录入库时的顺序给记录排的号,rowid也是顺序分配的
SQL> select rowid,rownum,month,sell from sale order by rowid;
ROWID ROWNUM MONTH SELL
------------------ --------- ------ ---------
000000E4.0000.0002 1 200001 1000
000000E4.0001.0002 2 200002 1100
000000E4.0002.0002 3 200003 1200
000000E4.0003.0002 4 200004 1300
000000E4.0004.0002 5 200005 1400
000000E4.0005.0002 6 200006 1500
000000E4.0006.0002 7 200007 1600
000000E4.0007.0002 8 200101 1100
000000E4.0008.0002 9 200202 1200
000000E4.0009.0002 10 200301 1300
000000E4.000A.0002 11 200008 1000
查询到11记录.
正确用法,使用子查询
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from (select month,sell from sale group by month,sell) where rownum<13;
ROWNUM MONTH SELL
--------- ------ ---------
1 200001 1000
2 200002 1100
3 200003 1200
4 200004 1300
5 200005 1400
6 200006 1500
7 200007 1600
8 200008 1000
9 200101 1100
10 200202 1200
11 200301 1300
按销售金额排序,并且用rownum标出正确序号(有小到大)
SQL> select rownum,month,sell from (select sell,month from sale group by sell,month) where rownum<13;
ROWNUM MONTH SELL
--------- ------ ---------
1 200001 1000
2 200008 1000
3 200002 1100
4 200101 1100
5 200003 1200
6 200202 1200
7 200004 1300
8 200301 1300
9 200005 1400
10 200006 1500
11 200007 1600
查询到11记录.
利用以上方法,如在打印报表时,想在查出的数据中自动加上行号,就可以利用rownum。
返回第5—9条纪录,按月份排序
SQL> select * from (select rownum row_id ,month,sell
2 from (select month,sell from sale group by month,sell))
3 where row_id between 5 and 9;
ROW_ID MONTH SELL
---------- ------ ----------
5 200005 1400
6 200006 1500
7 200007 1600
8 200008 1000
9 200101 1100
(1)
查所及杀锁
select l.session_id sid,
l.locked_mode lockmode,
l.oracle_username db_user,
l.os_user_name os_user,
s.machine,
s.schemaname,
o.object_name tablename,
q.sql_text
from v$locked_object l, v$session s, v$sql q, all_objects o
where l.session_id=s.sid and
s.type=‘USER‘ and
s.sql_address=q.address and
l.object_id=o.object_id
alter system kill session ‘sid,SERIAL#‘
1.having 子句的用法
having 子句对 group by 子句所确定的行组进行控制,having 子句条件中只允许涉及常量,聚组函数或group by 子句中的列.
2.外部联接"+"的用法
外部联接"+"按其在"="的左边或右边分左联接和右联接.若不带"+"运算符的表中的一个行不直接匹配于带"+"预算符的表中的任何行,则前者的行与 后者中的一个空行相匹配并被返回.若二者均不带’+’,则二者中无法匹配的均被返回.利用外部联接"+",可以替代效率十分低下的 not in 运算,大大提高运行速度.例如,下面这条命令执行起来很慢
select a.empno from emp a where a.empno not in
(select empno from emp1 where job=’SALE’);
倘若利用外部联接,改写命令如下:
select a.empno from emp a ,emp1 b
where a.empno=b.empno(+)
and b.empno is null
and b.job=’SALE’;
可以发现,运行速度明显提高.
3.删除表内重复记录的方法
可以利用这样的命令来删除表内重复记录:
delete from table_name a
where rowid< (select max(rowid) from table_name
where column1=a.column1 and column2=a.column2
and colum3=a.colum3 and ...);
问:用ORACLE的like(匹配操作命令)操作时,要查的条件含有特殊符号(_或%),该怎样写?
如我要找出以tt_开头的表,若安以下写法只能取出以tt开头的表,
因为_在like中用意是任意单一字符。
SELECT Tname FROM tab
WHERE Tname like ‘tt_%‘
答:SELECT * FROM tab
WHERE tname LIKE ‘TT/_%‘ ESCAPE ‘/‘
自增字段:
ORACLE一般的做法是同时使用序列和触发器来生成一个自增字段.
CREATE SEQUENCE SEQname
INCREMENT BY 1
START WITH 1
MAXVALUE 99999999
/
CREATE TRIGGER TRGname
BEFORE INSERT ON table_name
REFERENCING
NEW AS :NEW
FOR EACH ROW
Begin
SELECT SEQname.NEXTVAL
INTO :NEW.FIELDname
FROM DUAL;
End;
/
动态sql:
在oracle8.1.5中:
用execute immediate来实现
declare
tsql varchar2(200);
begin
tsql:=‘insert into ‘||tname||‘values (‘aaa‘,‘bbb‘)‘;
execute immediate tsql;
end;
/
说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b)
SQL: select * into b from a where 1<>1
说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b)
SQL: insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间
SQL: select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(‘minute‘,f开始时间,getdate())>5
说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
SQL:
delete from info where not exists ( select * from infobz where info.infid=infobz.infid )
说明:--
SQL:
SELECT A.NUM, A.NAME, B.UPD_DATE, B.PREV_UPD_DATE
FROM TABLE1,
(SELECT X.NUM, X.UPD_DATE, Y.UPD_DATE PREV_UPD_DATE
FROM (SELECT NUM, UPD_DATE, INBOUND_QTY, STOCK_ONHAND
FROM TABLE2
WHERE TO_CHAR(UPD_DATE,‘YYYY/MM‘) = TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YYYY/MM‘)) X,
(SELECT NUM, UPD_DATE, STOCK_ONHAND
FROM TABLE2
WHERE TO_CHAR(UPD_DATE,‘YYYY/MM‘) =
TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YYYY/MM‘) || ‘/01‘,‘YYYY/MM/DD‘) - 1, ‘YYYY/MM‘) ) Y,
WHERE X.NUM = Y.NUM (+)
AND X.INBOUND_QTY + NVL(Y.STOCK_ONHAND,0) <> X.STOCK_ONHAND ) B
WHERE A.NUM = B.NUM
说明:--
SQL:
select * from studentinfo where not exists(select * from student where studentinfo.id=student.id) and 系名称=‘"&strdepartmentname&"‘ and 专业名称=‘"&strprofessionname&"‘ order by 性别,生源地,高考总成绩
说明:
从数据库中去一年的各单位电话费统计(电话费定额贺电化肥清单两个表来源)
SQL:
SELECT a.userper, a.tel, a.standfee, TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘yyyy‘) AS telyear,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘01‘, a.factration)) AS JAN,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘02‘, a.factration)) AS FRI,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘03‘, a.factration)) AS MAR,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘04‘, a.factration)) AS APR,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘05‘, a.factration)) AS MAY,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘06‘, a.factration)) AS JUE,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘07‘, a.factration)) AS JUL,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘08‘, a.factration)) AS AGU,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘09‘, a.factration)) AS SEP,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘10‘, a.factration)) AS OCT,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘11‘, a.factration)) AS NOV,
SUM(decode(TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘mm‘), ‘12‘, a.factration)) AS DEC
FROM (SELECT a.userper, a.tel, a.standfee, b.telfeedate, b.factration
FROM TELFEESTAND a, TELFEE b
WHERE a.tel = b.telfax) a
GROUP BY a.userper, a.tel, a.standfee, TO_CHAR(a.telfeedate, ‘yyyy‘)
说明:四表联查问题:
SQL: select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....
说明:得到表中最小的未使用的ID号
SQL:
SELECT (CASE WHEN EXISTS(SELECT * FROM Handle b WHERE b.HandleID = 1) THEN MIN(HandleID) + 1 ELSE 1 END) as HandleID
FROM Handle
WHERE NOT HandleID IN (SELECT a.HandleID - 1 FROM Handle a)
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