Debian 平台下 Postgresql 数据库基本操作说明



1  安装postgresql

--使用apt 直接安装:

dave@dave:~/cndba$ sudo apt-get installpostgresql postgresql-client postgresql-server-dev-all -y

 

--查看数据库状态:

postgres@dave:~$ /etc/init.d/postgresql status

Running clusters: 9.1/main

 

--停止:

postgres@dave:~$ /etc/init.d/postgresql stop

[ ok ] Stopping PostgreSQL 9.1 databaseserver: main.

 

--启动:

postgres@dave:~$ /etc/init.d/postgresql start

[ ok ] Starting PostgreSQL 9.1 databaseserver: main.

postgres@dave:~$

 

--查看进程:

postgres@dave:~$ ps -ef|grep postgres

root     9502  9184  0 06:34 pts/2    00:00:00 su - postgres

postgres 9510  9502  0 06:34 pts/2    00:00:00 -su

postgres 9869     1  0 06:52 ?        00:00:00/usr/lib/postgresql/9.1/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.1/main -cconfig_file=/etc/postgresql/9.1/main/postgresql.conf

postgres 9871  9869  0 06:52 ?        00:00:00 postgres: writer process                                                                                                   

postgres 9872  9869  0 06:52 ?        00:00:00 postgres: wal writer process                                                                                               

postgres 9873  9869  0 06:52 ?        00:00:00 postgres: autovacuum launcherprocess                                                                                      

postgres 9874  9869  0 06:52 ?        00:00:00 postgres: stats collectorprocess                                                                                          

postgres 9905  9510  0 06:53 pts/2    00:00:00 ps -ef

postgres 9906  9510  0 06:53 pts/2    00:00:00 grep postgres

postgres@dave:~$

 

--设置开机自启动:

postgres@dave:~$ sudo update-rc.d postgresql start 88 2 3 4 5 . stop 88 0 1 6 .

update-rc.d: using dependency based bootsequencing

postgres@dave:~$

 

    第一次安装后,默认生成一个名为postgres的数据库和一个名为postgres的数据库用户。同时还生成了一个名为postgres的Linux系统用户。

 

--修改postgres 用户密码:

dave@dave:~$ sudo passwd postgres

Enter new UNIX password:

Retype new UNIX password:

passwd: password updated successfully

dave@dave:~$

 

2  查看数据库信息

--查看数据库信息:

dave@dave:~$ su - postgres

Password:

postgres@dave:~$ psql

psql (9.1.15)

Type "help" for help.

 

postgres=# help

You are using psql, the command-lineinterface to PostgreSQL.

Type: \copyright for distribution terms

      \h for help with SQL commands

      \? for help with psql commands

      \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

      \q to quit

postgres=#

 

postgres-# \l

                                 List of databases

   Name    | Owner   | Encoding |   Collate  |    Ctype    |  Access privileges  

-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------

 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |

 template0 | postgres | UTF8     |en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres         +

           |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres

 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |=c/postgres          +

           |          |          |            |             |postgres=CTc/postgres

(3 rows)

 

postgres-#

 

--连接到某个数据库:

postgres-# \c postgres

You are now connected to database"postgres" as user "postgres".

postgres-# \c template1

You are now connected to database"template1" as user "postgres".

template1-#

 

postgres=# \c postgres

You are now connected to database"postgres" as user "postgres".

 

--显示当前的数据库:

postgres=# select current_database();

 current_database

------------------

 postgres

(1 row)

 

--该命令显示当前的userid

postgres=# select current_user; 

 current_user

--------------

 postgres

(1 row)

 

 

--退出操作界面:

template1-# \q

postgres@dave:~$

 

 

3  创建DB对象

 

默认的postgres用户是超级管理员,权限太大,所以一般建议创建一个独立的管理用户。

 

dave@dave:~$ su - postgres

Password:

postgres@dave:~$ psql

psql (9.1.15)

Type "help" for help.

 

--创建数据库用户、数据库,并赋予新用户新数据库的全部权限:

postgres=# create user dave with password‘dave‘;

CREATE ROLE

postgres=# create database cndba;

CREATE DATABASE

postgres=# grant all privileges on databasecndba to dave;

GRANT

postgres=#

 

postgres=# \l

                                 List of databases

   Name    | Owner   | Encoding |   Collate  |    Ctype    |  Access privileges  

-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------

 cndba     | postgres | UTF8     |en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =Tc/postgres        +

           |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres+

           |          |          |             |             | dave=CTc/postgres

 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |

 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |=c/postgres          +

           |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres

 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |=c/postgres          +

           |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres

(4 rows)

 

 

--重置postgres账户密码:

postgres=# alter user postgres withpassword ‘dave‘;

ALTER ROLE

 

--修改用户认证配置文件pg_hba.conf

postgres@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$ pwd

/etc/postgresql/9.1/main

postgres@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$ ls

environment pg_ctl.conf  pg_hba.conf  pg_ident.conf postgresql.conf  start.conf

 

# Database administrative login by Unixdomain socket

local  all             postgres                               trust

 

# TYPE DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

 

# "local" is for Unix domainsocket connections only

local  all             all                                     md5

 

--重新加载postgresql

postgres@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$/etc/init.d/postgresql reload

 

postgres@dave:~$ psql -d cndba -U dave

Password for user dave:

psql (9.1.15)

Type "help" for help.

 

cndba=> selectcurrent_user;

 current_user

--------------

 dave

(1 row)

 

 

--表的基本操作:

 

postgres-> \c cndba

You are now connected to database"cndba" as user "dave".

cndba->

 

cndba=> create table cndba(namevarchar(20),signupdate date);

CREATE TABLE

cndba=> insert into cndba(name, signupdate)values(‘dave‘, ‘2015-02-11‘);

INSERT 0 1

cndba=> select * from cndba;

 name| signupdate

------+------------

 dave| 2015-02-11

(1 row)

 

cndba=> update cndba set name =‘tianlesoftware‘ where name = ‘dave‘;

UPDATE 1

cndba=> alter table cndba add emailvarchar(40);

ALTER TABLE

cndba=> alter table cndba alter columnsignupdate set not null;

ALTER TABLE

cndba=> alter table cndba rename columnsignupdate to signup;

ALTER TABLE

cndba=> alter table cndba drop columnemail;

ALTER TABLE

cndba=> alter table cndba rename todave;

ALTER TABLE

cndba=> drop table if exists dave;

DROP TABLE

cndba=>

 

 

4  postgresql 查看数据库,表,索引,表空间以及大小

 

postgres=# select pg_database.datname,pg_database_size(pg_database.datname) AS size from pg_database;

 datname  |  size  

-----------+---------

 template1 | 6030136

 template0 | 6030136

 postgres | 6030136

 cndba    | 6038328

(4 rows)

 

--以KB,MB,GB的方式来查看数据库大小  

postgres=# selectpg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(‘cndba‘));

 pg_size_pretty

----------------

 5897kB

(1 row)

 

postgres=# create table cndba(namevarchar(20),signupdate date);

CREATE TABLE

 

--查看多表:

postgres=# \dt

        List of relations

 Schema | Name | Type  |  Owner  

--------+-------+-------+----------

 public | cndba | table | postgres

(1 row)

 

--查看单表:

postgres=# \d cndba

              Table "public.cndba"

  Column   |         Type          | Modifiers

------------+-----------------------+-----------

 name      | character varying(20) |

 signupdate | date                  |

 

 

--查看表大小

postgres=# select pg_relation_size(‘cndba‘);

 pg_relation_size

------------------

            8192

(1 row)

 

--以KB,MB,GB的方式来查看表大小

postgres=# selectpg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(‘cndba‘));

 pg_size_pretty

----------------

 8192bytes

(1 row)

 

 

--查看索引信息:

postgres=# create index idx_cndba oncndba(name);

CREATE INDEX

 

postgres=# \di

               List of relations

 Schema |  Name    | Type  | Owner   | Table

--------+-----------+-------+----------+-------

 public | idx_cndba | index | postgres | cndba

(1 row)

 

--查看索引大小:

postgres=# select pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(‘idx_cndba‘));

 pg_size_pretty

----------------

 16kB

(1 row)

 

--看表的总大小,包括索引大小

postgres=# selectpg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(‘cndba‘));

 pg_size_pretty

----------------

 24kB

(1 row)

 

--查看所有表空间:

postgres=# select spcname frompg_tablespace;

 spcname  

------------

 pg_default

 pg_global

(2 rows)

 

--查看表空间大小:

postgres=# selectpg_size_pretty(pg_tablespace_size(‘pg_default‘));

 pg_size_pretty

----------------

 23MB

(1 row)

 

 

5  PostgreSQL用户认证

 

PostgreSQL的配置文件在/etc/postgresql目录下:

dave@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$ pwd

/etc/postgresql/9.1/main

dave@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$ ls

environment pg_ctl.conf  pg_hba.conf  pg_ident.conf postgresql.conf  start.conf

 

postgresql.conf 文件里保存的是数据库的相关的配置。

 

# - Connection Settings -

 

listen_addresses = ‘*‘          # what IP address(es) to listen on;

                                        #comma-separated list of addresses;

                                        #defaults to ‘localhost‘, ‘*‘ = all

                                        #(change requires restart)

port = 5432                             # (change requiresrestart)

max_connections = 100                   # (change requires restart)

# Note: Increasing max_connections costs ~400 bytes of shared memory per

# connection slot, plus lock space (seemax_locks_per_transaction).

#superuser_reserved_connections = 3     # (change requires restart)

unix_socket_directory =‘/var/run/postgresql‘           # (changerequires restart)

#unix_socket_group = ‘‘                 # (change requires restart)

#unix_socket_permissions = 0777         # begin with 0 to use octal notation

                                        #(change requires restart)

#bonjour = off                          # advertise servervia Bonjour

                                        #(change requires restart)

#bonjour_name = ‘‘                      # defaults to thecomputer name

                                        #(change requires restart)

 

注意这里的端口信息,要添加的防火墙的策略里。

 

 

pg_hba.conf中保存基于主机的认证规则。每条规则会被逐条应用,直到找到一条符合的,就能通过认证;或者访问被reject方法显式拒绝。

 

postgres@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$ catpg_hba.conf |grep -v ^# |grep -v ^$

local  all             postgres                               trust

local  all             all                                     md5

host   all             all             127.0.0.1/32            md5

host   all             all             ::1/128                 md5

 

 

带注释的如下:

# Database administrative login by Unixdomain socket

local  all             postgres                               trust

 

# TYPE DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

 

# "local" is for Unix domainsocket connections only

local  all             all                                     md5

# IPv4 local connections:

host   all             all             127.0.0.1/32            md5

 

 

Type = host表示远程连接。

Database = all 表示所有数据库。

User = all 表示所有用户。

ADDRESS 由两部分组成,即IP地址/子网掩码。子网掩码规定了IP地址中前面哪些位表示网络编号。这里/0表示IP地址中没有表示网络编号的位,这样的话全部的IP地址都匹配,例如192.168.0.0/24表示匹配前24位,所以它匹配任何192.168.0.x形式的IP地址。

Method = trust 实际上表示无需认证。

 

 

--允许在本机上的任何身份连接任何数据库 

TYPE DATABASE   USER    IP-ADDRESS    IP-MASK     METHOD 

local all       all                                 trust(无条件进行连接) 

 

--允许IP地址为192.168.1.x的任何主机与数据库sales连接 

TYPE DATABASE   USER    IP-ADDRESS    IP-MASK     METHOD

host sales      all     192.168.1.0    255.255.255.0 identsameuser

 

 

6  远程访问数据库

postgresql默认情况下,远程访问不能成功,如果需要允许远程访问,需要修改两个配置文件,说明如下:

(1)postgresql.conf

将该文件中的listen_addresses项值设定为*。

 

(2)pg_hba.conf

在该配置文件的host allall 127.0.0.1/32 md5行下添加以下配置,或者直接将这一行修改为以下配置

host   all    all    0.0.0.0/0    md5

 

表示允许所有IP访问。

 

修改之后,Reload 或者重启数据库让修改生效:

postgres@dave:/etc/postgresql/9.1/main$/etc/init.d/postgresql reload

 

 

 

直接使用Navicat 链接:

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注意:加群必须注明表空间和数据文件关系 | 不要重复加群

CNDBA_1: 62697850 (空)    CNDBA_2: 62697716 (满)  CNDBA_3: 283816689

CNDBA_4: 391125754   CNDBA_5:104207940    CNDBA_6: 62697977   CNDBA_7: 142216823(满)

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