SQL基础 利用SELECT检索数据

SELECT
[DISTINCT|ALL]
 SELECT_LIST
FROM TABLE_LIST
[WHERE+CLAUSE]
[GROUP_BY_CLAUSE]
[HAVING CONDITION]
[ORDER_BY_CLAUSE]

使用别名代替数据库中的字段名(AS可去除用空格,但不利于阅读)

SELECT COLIMN_NAME1 AS 别名1,…COLUMN_NAME2 || ’*’ || 1.23 || ’=’ || COLUMN_NAME2 * 1.23 AS 别名2
FROM TABLE_NAME;

使用函数操作查询的字段

SELECT COLIMN_NAME1 AS 别名1, subStr(COLIMN_NAME1,1,6) AS 别名2,…COLUMN_NAME2 || ’*’ || 1.23 || ’=’ || COLUMN_NAME2 * 1.23 AS 别名2
FROM TABLE_NAME;

去除检索数据中的重复记录
SELECT DISTINCT(COLUMN_NAME) FROM TABLE_NAME;

检索出来的数据排序
ORDER BY
{EXPR | POSITION | C_ALIAS}
[ASC | DESC]
[NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST]
 [,{EXPR | POSITION | C_ALIAS}
 [ASC | DESC]
 [NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST]
 ]…

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME3;

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME3 DESC;(默认是升序ASC,降序必须声明DESC)

排序时对NULL 值的处理(默认时升序时NULL值排在末位,降序时排在首位)

升序时将NULL值放于排在首位

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME3 NULLS FIRST;

降序时将NULL值放于排在末位
SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME3 NULLS LAST;

可使用别名

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY 别名 NULLS LAST;

使用表达式作为排序字段

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY EXPR NULLS LAST;

使用字段的位置作为排序字段(方便,且防止使用UNION时出错)

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY 3 ASC;

使用多个字段排序

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME2 ASC,3 DESC;

使用WHEHE子句设置检索条件

关系操作符包括:<、 <=、 >、 >=、 =、 !=、 <>

比较操作符包括:

IS NULL 如果操作数为NULL返回TRUE

LIKE 模糊比较字符串值

BETWEEN…AND… 验证值是否在范围之内

IN 验证操作数在设定的一系列值中

逻辑比较符包括:

AND 两个条件都必须得到满足

OR 只要满足两个条件中其中的一个

NOT 与某个逻辑值取反

查询中使用单一条件限制

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME;

查询条件中使用函数

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE SUBSTR(CONDITION,1,2)=’123456’;

查询中使用多个条件限制

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION1 AND CONDITION2;

查询条件使用BETWEEN…AND…

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME1 BETWEEN ‘12344’ AND ‘12334’;

查询条件使用OR

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION1 OR CONDITION2;

 

模糊查询数据

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME1 LIKE ‘%CONDITION%’;

查询条件限制在某个列表范围之内

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME1 IN(‘CONDITION1’, ‘CONDITION2’);

专门针对空值的查询

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME1 IS NULL;

专门争夺非空值的擦洗

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME1 IS NOT NULL;

 

GROUP BY 子句语法及使用

GROUP BY
{EXPR
|{ ROLLOP | CUBE }  ({EXPR [,EXPR]…})
}

EXPR通常指数据库列名

ROLLOP | CUBE  GROUP BY子句扩展 可返回小计和总计记录

和分组函数一起使用,可以根据某一列进行分组,也可以根据某几列进行分组

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1…,COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME [WHERE CONDITION] GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME4…,COLUMN_NAME5;

HAVING子句的使用

HAVING子句通常和GROUP BY子句一起使用,限定搜索条件,他和WHERE子句不一样HAVING子句与组有关,而不与单个的组有关,在GROUP BY子句中,他会作用于GROUPBY创建的组

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1 FROM TABLE_NAMEGROUP BY COLUMN_NAME2 HAVING CONDITION ;

使用子查询

单一条件子查询

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1…,COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME CODITION  (SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION);

多条件子查询

SELECT COLUMN_NAME1…,COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME CODITION  (SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION)  AND COLUMN_NAME CODITION  (SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION);

子查询返回多行

IN(子查询语句);与上面的相同

ANY(子查询语句);表示满足子查询结果的任何一个,和<,<=配合,表示小于等于列表中的最大值,而和>,>=配合表示大于等于列表的最大值

SOME(子查询语句);可以认为和ANY相同

ALL(子查询语句); 表示满足子查询结果的所有结果,和<,<=配合,表示小于等于列表中的最大值,而和>,>=配合表示大于等于列表的最大值l

计数函数

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TABLE_NAME [WHERE CONDITION];

连接查询

内连接查询(多张表连接在一起查询条数我n*m…)

SELECR COLUMN_NAME1,…COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1,…TABLE_NAME2 [WHERE CONDITION];

等值连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A,…TABLE2_NAME B WHERE A.COLUMN_NAME3=B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4=B.COLUMN_NAME4;

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A INNER JOIN TABLE_NAME2 B ON A.COLUMN_NAME3=B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4=B.COLUMN_NAME4;

INNER JOIN … 与上面的等效

不等值连接

不等值连接就是指连接条件中使用‘>’‘>=’‘<’‘<=’‘!=’‘<>’‘BETWEEN…AND…’‘IN’等连接两个条件列表,但这种方式通常需要和其他的等值计算一起使用,否则检索出的数据可能没有实际意义

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A INNER JOIN TABLE_NAME2 B ON A.COLUMN_NAME3 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME4;

INNER JOIN 可以直接写成JOIN 关键字ON 不能省去

自连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME A,…TABLE_NAME B WHERE A.COLUMN_NAME3=B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4=B.COLUMN_NAME4;

外连接

左外连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A LEFT JOIN TABLE_NAME2 B ON A.COLUMN_NAME3 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME4;

右外连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A RIGHT JOIN TABLE_NAME2 B ON A.COLUMN_NAME3 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME4;

全外连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A FULL JOIN TABLE_NAME2 B ON A.COLUMN_NAME3 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME3 AND A.COLUMN_NAME4 CONDITION B.COLUMN_NAME4;

外连接(+)的使用

左连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A,…TABLE_NAME2 B WHERE A.COLUMN_NAME3=B.COLUMN_NAME3(+);

 

右连接

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME1,…A.COLUMN_NAME2,B.COLUMN_NAME1,…B.COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME1 A,…TABLE_NAME2 B WHERE A.COLUMN_NAME3(+)=B.COLUMN_NAME3;

 

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