linux基本命令操作（一）

常用系统命令：

[root@localhost ~]# uname    //查看内核信息//

Linux

[root@localhost ~]# uname  -r       //只显示内核版本//

2.6.18-348.el5

[root@localhost ~]# uname  -a       //显示主机名、内核、硬件平台等全部信息a--all//

Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.18-348.el5 #1 SMP Wed Nov 28 21:22:00 EST 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64  GNU/Linux

[root@localhost ~]# hostname   //查看主机的完整名称，包括主机名称、所在域的名称//

localhost.localdomain

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig     //查看主机的IP地址等参数，默认查看所有网卡，也可以指定某一特定的网卡//

 eth0      Linkencap:Ethernet  HWaddr00:0C:29:BB:9C:DF 

          inetaddr:192.168.75.133 Bcast:192.168.75.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

          inet6addr: fe80::20c:29ff:febb:9cdf/64 Scope:Link

          UPBROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500  Metric:1

          RXpackets:954 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

          TXpackets:127 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

         collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

          RXbytes:93244 (91.0 KiB)  TX bytes:15194(14.8 KiB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback 

          inetaddr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0

          inet6addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host

          UPLOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1

……

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0   //查看某个特定网卡的网络参数,顺序是从0开始//

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:BB:9C:DF 

          inetaddr:192.168.75.133 Bcast:192.168.75.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

          inet6addr: fe80::20c:29ff:febb:9cdf/64 Scope:Link

          UPBROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500  Metric:1

          RXpackets:955 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

          TXpackets:127 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

         collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

          RXbytes:93487 (91.2 KiB)  TX bytes:15194(14.8 KiB)

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo   //查看CPU信息//

processor       : 0

vendor_id       :GenuineIntel

cpu family      : 6

model           :58

model name     :         Intel(R) Core(TM)i3-3240 CPU @ 3.40GHz

stepping        : 9

cpu MHz         :3392.319

cache size      :3072 KB

……

 [root@localhostmnt]# free-m            //查看内存和SWAP相关信息//

            total       used       free    shared    buffers     cached

Mem:          999        959         40          0         79        517

-/+ buffers/cache:       362        637

Swap:        2047          0       2047

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo    //查看内存信息//

MemTotal:     1023848 kB

MemFree:       292092 kB

Buffers:        51084 kB

Cached:        412676 kB

SwapCached:         0 kB

Active:        278592 kB

Inactive:      360312 kB

HighTotal:          0 kB

HighFree:           0 kB

LowTotal:     1023848 kB

LowFree:       292092 kB

SwapTotal:    2096472 kB

SwapFree:     2096472 kB

......

·        cd命令的使用：

[root@localhost /]# cd /etc/pki/CA/private //切换至private目录//

[root@localhost private]# pwd

/etc/pki/CA/private

[root@localhost private]# pwd

/etc/pki/CA/private

[root@localhost private]# cd .     //切换，但仍然在当前目录//

[root@localhost private]# pwd    //查看当前工作目录//

/etc/pki/CA/private

[root@localhost private]# cd ..    //切换至上一级目录//

[root@localhost CA]# pwd

/etc/pki/CA

[root@localhost CA]# cd                  // 直接默认情况下返回至根目录下的家目录//

[root@localhost ~]# pwd

/root

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/private/

[root@localhost private]# pwd

/etc/pki/CA/private

[root@localhost private]# cd ..

[root@localhost CA]# pwd

/etc/pki/CA

[root@localhost CA]# cd ../../      //切换至上两级目录//

[root@localhost etc]# pwd

/etc

[root@localhost etc]# cd -             //返回上一次的目录，从哪里来回那里去//

/etc/pki/CA

[root@localhost CA]# pwd

/etc/pki/CA

[root@localhost CA]# cd ~          //返回至用户root的家目录//

[root@localhost ~]# ]pwd

bash: ]pwd: command not found

[root@localhost ~]# pwd

/root

·        ls命令的使用：

[root@localhost /]# cd /boot/

[root@localhost boot]# pwd

/boot

[root@localhost boot]# ls            //列表查看目录内容//

config-2.6.18-348.el5     lost+found                vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5

grub                      symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz

initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img System.map-2.6.18-348.el5

[root@localhost boot]# ls -;

ls: -: 没有那个文件或目录

[root@localhost boot]# ls -l           //以长格式显示目录内容，会显示文件和目录的属性//

总计 6316

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  67857 2012-11-29 config-2.6.18-348.el5

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   1024 2013-07-10 grub

-rw------- 1 root root 2820190 2013-07-23initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img

drwx------ 2 root root  12288 2013-07-10 lost+found

......

[root@localhost boot]# ls -a     //显示“.”和“..”，这就是为什么cd可以切换至本目录和上一级目录的原因，仍然显示隐藏文件<这一点和-A相同>

.                     initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5

..                     lost+found                 .vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5.hmac

config-2.6.18-348.el5 symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz

grub                  System.map-2.6.18-348.el5

[root@localhost boot]# ls -A         //显示隐藏文件（以“.”开头的文件）//

config-2.6.18-348.el5     symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz

grub                      System.map-2.6.18-348.el5

initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5

lost+found                .vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5.hmac

[root@localhost boot]# ls -l

总计 6316

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  67857 2012-11-29 config-2.6.18-348.el5

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   1024 2013-07-10 grub

-rw------- 1 root root 2820190 2013-07-23initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img

drwx------ 2 root root  12288 2013-07-10 lost+found

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 118626 2012-11-29 symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1282424 2012-11-29System.map-2.6.18-348.el5

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2125660 2012-11-29vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5

[root@localhost boot]# ls -lh         //提供易读的容量单位//

总计 6.2M

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 67K 2012-11-29 config-2.6.18-348.el5

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.0K 2013-07-10 grub

-rw------- 1 root root 2.7M 2013-07-23initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img

drwx------ 2 root root 12K 2013-07-10 lost+found

......

[root@localhost boot]# ls -l -d

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 2013-07-10 .

[root@localhost boot]# ls -ld      //显示目录本身的属性//

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 2013-07-10 .

[root@localhost boot]# ls -l

总计 6316

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  67857 2012-11-29 config-2.6.18-348.el5

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   1024 2013-07-10 grub

-rw------- 1 root root 2820190 2013-07-23initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img

......

[root@localhost boot]# ls -ld

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 2013-07-10 .

[root@localhost boot]# ld -ld/boot

ld: cannot find -ld/boot

......

总计 6.2M

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 67K 2012-11-29 config-2.6.18-348.el5

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.0K 2013-07-10 grub

......

[root@localhost boot]# ls -R         //递归显示内容，当前目录下的子目录也同样显示出来//

.:（当前目录）

config-2.6.18-348.el5     lost+found                 vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5

grub                      symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz

initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img System.map-2.6.18-348.el5

./grub:（该目录下的grub目录）

device.map    grub.conf        minix_stage1_5     stage2

e2fs_stage1_5  iso9660_stage1_5  reiserfs_stage1_5  ufs2_stage1_5

fat_stage1_5  jfs_stage1_5     splash.xpm.gz      vstafs_stage1_5

ffs_stage1_5  menu.lst          stage1             xfs_stage1_5

./lost+found:              

[root@localhost boot]# ls -lR       //多个选项可以叠用，递归和长格式（包含属性）

.:

总计 6316

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  67857 2012-11-29 config-2.6.18-348.el5

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   1024 2013-07-10 grub

-rw------- 1 root root 2820190 2013-07-23initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img

drwx------ 2 root root  12288 2013-07-10 lost+found

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 118626 2012-11-29 symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1282424 2012-11-29System.map-2.6.18-348.el5

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2125660 2012-11-29vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5

./grub:

总计 235

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    63 2013-07-10 device.map

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  7584 2013-07-10 e2fs_stage1_5

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  7456 2013-07-10 fat_stage1_5

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  6720 2013-07-10 ffs_stage1_5

-rw------- 1 root root   598 2013-07-10 grub.conf

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  6720 2013-07-10 iso9660_stage1_5

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  8224 2013-07-10 jfs_stage1_5

…… 

./lost+found:

总计 0

·        ls命令的匹配字符：

[root@localhost boot]#cd /opt

[root@localhost opt]# ls

rh

[root@localhost opt]# touch file1.txt         //创建文本文件file1.txt//

[root@localhost opt]# touch file2.txt

[root@localhost opt]# touch file3.txt

[root@localhost opt]# touch file12.txt

[root@localhost opt]# touch file123.txt

[root@localhost opt]# touch filea.txt fileb.txt filec.txt

[root@localhost opt]# touch fileab.txt

[root@localhost opt]# touch fileabc.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls

file123.txt file1.txt  file3.txt    fileab.txt fileb.txt  rh

file12.txt  file2.txt  fileabc.txt  filea.txt  filec.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file*             //“*”匹配任意多个字符，即通配符，表示以file开头，无论后面是什么//

file123.txt file1.txt  file3.txt    fileab.txt fileb.txt

file12.txt  file2.txt  fileabc.txt  filea.txt  filec.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file?.txt            //“？”匹配任意单个字符//

file1.txt file2.txt  file3.txt  filea.txt fileb.txt  filec.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file??.txt        

file12.txt fileab.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file???.txt

file123.txt fileabc.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file??.????

ls: file??.????: 没有那个文件或目录

[root@localhost opt]# ls file1.txt

file1.txt

][root@localhost opt]# ls file[a-b].txt          //匹配连续多个字符中的一个//

filea.txt fileb.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[a-b][a-c].txt

fileab.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[1-3][a-c].txt

ls: file[1-3][a-c].txt: 没有那个文件或目录

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[1-3][1-3][1-3].txt

file123.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[0-9][0-9].txt

file12.txt

[root@localhost opt]# lsfile{a,ab,12,123,abc,ac}.txt           //匹配不连续的多组字符,一一匹配，对应的就罗列出来，没有的会提示没有改文件或目录//

ls: fileac.txt: 没有那个文件或目录

file123.txt file12.txt  fileabc.txt  fileab.txt filea.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[9-0][2-1].txt                   //[]顺序必须从小到大，不能反向

ls: file[9-0][2-1].txt: 没有那个文件或目录

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[2-0][2-0].txt

ls: file[2-0][2-0].txt: 没有那个文件或目录

[root@localhost opt]# ls file[0-2][0-2].txt

file12.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file??.???

file12.txt fileab.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file?????

file1.txt file2.txt  file3.txt  filea.txt fileb.txt  filec.txt

[root@localhost opt]# ls file??.???

file12.txt fileab.txt

本文出自 “点点滴滴” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://9118437.blog.51cto.com/9108437/1530935

linux基本命令操作（一）,古老的榕树,5-wow.com