C++ STL源码学习（之hash_table篇）

stl_hash_table.h

这不属于C++标准，是SGI STL标准的一部分，用于辅助实现hash_map和hash_set

/// Hashtable class, used to implement the hashed associative containers
/// hash_set, hash_map, hash_multiset, and hash_multimap.

///STL HashTable采用的是所谓的开链哈希法,依靠一个类似vector<list<T>>来实现.
///先通过哈希函数确定所需处理元素应当在vector中的那个位置(可以一步找到),vector
///中的每个元素我们称之为一个桶,则这个过程即是寻找桶的过程,每个桶实际是一个
///list<T>元素,若要处理的元素存在,则必然在这个桶之中,然后顺序遍历这个list即
///可确定该元素是否存在或者所在位置.由于第一步的哈希使得桶中存放的元素一
///般很少,因此遍历查询过程比较高效.

template <class _Val>
struct _Hashtable_node
{
  _Hashtable_node* _M_next;
  _Val _M_val;
};

///val:存储的值
///key:对应的键
///_HashFcn:所采用的hash函数类型
///_ExtractKey:用于从存储对象值中抽出键对象的函数,当hash_table中
///存储pair类型实现hash_map时最有用.
///_EqualKey:用于确定两个键值是否相等的函数
template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HashFcn,
          class _ExtractKey, class _EqualKey, class _Alloc = alloc>
class hashtable;

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HashFcn,
          class _ExtractKey, class _EqualKey, class _Alloc>
struct _Hashtable_iterator;

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HashFcn,
          class _ExtractKey, class _EqualKey, class _Alloc>
struct _Hashtable_const_iterator;

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HashFcn,
          class _ExtractKey, class _EqualKey, class _Alloc>
struct _Hashtable_iterator {
  typedef hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,_ExtractKey,_EqualKey,_Alloc>
          _Hashtable;
  typedef _Hashtable_iterator<_Val, _Key, _HashFcn,
                              _ExtractKey, _EqualKey, _Alloc>
          iterator;
  typedef _Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val, _Key, _HashFcn,
                                    _ExtractKey, _EqualKey, _Alloc>
          const_iterator;

  typedef _Hashtable_node<_Val> _Node;

  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
  typedef _Val value_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
  typedef size_t size_type;
  typedef _Val& reference;
  typedef _Val* pointer;

  _Node* _M_cur;
  _Hashtable* _M_ht;

  _Hashtable_iterator(_Node* __n, _Hashtable* __tab)
    : _M_cur(__n), _M_ht(__tab) {}

  _Hashtable_iterator() {}
  reference operator*() const { return _M_cur->_M_val; }

  pointer operator->() const { return &(operator*()); }

  iterator& operator++();
  iterator operator++(int);
  bool operator==(const iterator& __it) const
    { return _M_cur == __it._M_cur; }
  bool operator!=(const iterator& __it) const
    { return _M_cur != __it._M_cur; }
};


template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HashFcn,
          class _ExtractKey, class _EqualKey, class _Alloc>
struct _Hashtable_const_iterator {
  typedef hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,_ExtractKey,_EqualKey,_Alloc>
          _Hashtable;
  typedef _Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,
                              _ExtractKey,_EqualKey,_Alloc>
          iterator;
  typedef _Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val, _Key, _HashFcn,
                                    _ExtractKey, _EqualKey, _Alloc>
          const_iterator;
  typedef _Hashtable_node<_Val> _Node;

  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
  typedef _Val value_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
  typedef size_t size_type;
  typedef const _Val& reference;
  typedef const _Val* pointer;

  const _Node* _M_cur;
  const _Hashtable* _M_ht;

  _Hashtable_const_iterator(const _Node* __n, const _Hashtable* __tab)
    : _M_cur(__n), _M_ht(__tab) {}
  _Hashtable_const_iterator() {}
  _Hashtable_const_iterator(const iterator& __it)
    : _M_cur(__it._M_cur), _M_ht(__it._M_ht) {}
  reference operator*() const { return _M_cur->_M_val; }
  pointer operator->() const { return &(operator*()); }
  const_iterator& operator++();
  const_iterator operator++(int);
  bool operator==(const const_iterator& __it) const
    { return _M_cur == __it._M_cur; }
  bool operator!=(const const_iterator& __it) const
    { return _M_cur != __it._M_cur; }
};

///HashTable的vector长度是有讲究的,为了尽量减少冲突(过多的元素被散列
///到同一个桶中),我们的桶个数一般应为质数个(由于我们是通过hash函数得到
///的值与桶数做mod运算得到需处理元素所在的桶号).这里取53开始的后28个
///质数,他们中的最大质数大于32位内存可存储的值.
/// Note: assumes long is at least 32 bits.
enum { __stl_num_primes = 28 };

static const unsigned long __stl_prime_list[__stl_num_primes] =
{
  53ul,         97ul,         193ul,       389ul,       769ul,
  1543ul,       3079ul,       6151ul,      12289ul,     24593ul,
  49157ul,      98317ul,      196613ul,    393241ul,    786433ul,
  1572869ul,    3145739ul,    6291469ul,   12582917ul,  25165843ul,
  50331653ul,   100663319ul,  201326611ul, 402653189ul, 805306457ul,
  1610612741ul, 3221225473ul, 4294967291ul
};

///给定一个值(实际即HashTable中所要存储的元素个数)得到大于等于
///它的最小质数(实际即HashTable中Array的长度/桶的个数).
inline unsigned long __stl_next_prime(unsigned long __n)
{
  const unsigned long* __first = __stl_prime_list;
  const unsigned long* __last = __stl_prime_list + (int)__stl_num_primes;
  const unsigned long* pos = lower_bound(__first, __last, __n);
  return pos == __last ? *(__last - 1) : *pos;
}

/// Forward declaration of operator==.
template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
class hashtable;

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
bool operator==(const hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>& __ht1,
                const hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>& __ht2);


/// Hashtables handle allocators a bit differently than other containers
///  do.  If we're using standard-conforming allocators, then a hashtable
///  unconditionally has a member variable to hold its allocator, even if
///  it so happens that all instances of the allocator type are identical.
/// This is because, for hashtables, this extra storage is negligible.
///  Additionally, a base class wouldn't serve any other purposes; it
///  wouldn't, for example, simplify the exception-handling code.

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HashFcn,
          class _ExtractKey, class _EqualKey, class _Alloc>
class hashtable {
public:
  typedef _Key key_type;
  typedef _Val value_type;
  typedef _HashFcn hasher;
  typedef _EqualKey key_equal;

  typedef size_t            size_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t         difference_type;
  typedef value_type*       pointer;
  typedef const value_type* const_pointer;
  typedef value_type&       reference;
  typedef const value_type& const_reference;

  hasher hash_funct() const { return _M_hash; }
  key_equal key_eq() const { return _M_equals; }

private:
  typedef _Hashtable_node<_Val> _Node;

public:
  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator_type(); }
private:
  typedef simple_alloc<_Node, _Alloc> _M_node_allocator_type;

  ///分配和回收桶中的一个节点
  _Node* _M_get_node() { return _M_node_allocator_type::allocate(1); }
  void _M_put_node(_Node* __p) { _M_node_allocator_type::deallocate(__p, 1); }

private:
  hasher                _M_hash;
  key_equal             _M_equals;
  _ExtractKey           _M_get_key;
  vector<_Node*,_Alloc> _M_buckets;
  size_type             _M_num_elements;

public:
  typedef _Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,_ExtractKey,_EqualKey,_Alloc>
          iterator;
  typedef _Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,_ExtractKey,_EqualKey,
                                    _Alloc>
          const_iterator;

  friend struct
  _Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,_ExtractKey,_EqualKey,_Alloc>;
  friend struct
  _Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HashFcn,_ExtractKey,_EqualKey,_Alloc>;

public:
  hashtable(size_type __n,
            const _HashFcn&    __hf,
            const _EqualKey&   __eql,
            const _ExtractKey& __ext,
            const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
    : _M_hash(__hf),
      _M_equals(__eql),
      _M_get_key(__ext),
      _M_buckets(__a),
      _M_num_elements(0)
  {
    _M_initialize_buckets(__n);
  }

  hashtable(size_type __n,
            const _HashFcn&    __hf,
            const _EqualKey&   __eql,
            const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
    :_M_hash(__hf),
      _M_equals(__eql),
      _M_get_key(_ExtractKey()),
      _M_buckets(__a),
      _M_num_elements(0)
  {
    _M_initialize_buckets(__n);
  }

  hashtable(const hashtable& __ht)
    : _M_hash(__ht._M_hash),
      _M_equals(__ht._M_equals),
      _M_get_key(__ht._M_get_key),
      _M_buckets(__ht.get_allocator()),
      _M_num_elements(0)
  {
    _M_copy_from(__ht);
  }

  hashtable& operator= (const hashtable& __ht)
  {
    if (&__ht != this) {
      clear();
      _M_hash = __ht._M_hash;
      _M_equals = __ht._M_equals;
      _M_get_key = __ht._M_get_key;
      _M_copy_from(__ht);
    }
    return *this;
  }

  ~hashtable() { clear(); }

  size_type size() const { return _M_num_elements; }
  size_type max_size() const { return size_type(-1); }
  bool empty() const { return size() == 0; }

  ///STL容器自身的swap成员函数一般都比较高效,HashTable也不例外
  void swap(hashtable& __ht)
  {
    __STD::swap(_M_hash, __ht._M_hash);
    __STD::swap(_M_equals, __ht._M_equals);
    __STD::swap(_M_get_key, __ht._M_get_key);
    _M_buckets.swap(__ht._M_buckets);
    __STD::swap(_M_num_elements, __ht._M_num_elements);
  }

  iterator begin()
  {
      ///找到第一个非空的桶,得到其第一个元素
    for (size_type __n = 0; __n < _M_buckets.size(); ++__n)
      if (_M_buckets[__n])
        return iterator(_M_buckets[__n], this);
    return end();
  }

  iterator end() { return iterator(0, this); }

  const_iterator begin() const
  {
    for (size_type __n = 0; __n < _M_buckets.size(); ++__n)
      if (_M_buckets[__n])
        return const_iterator(_M_buckets[__n], this);
    return end();
  }

  const_iterator end() const { return const_iterator(0, this); }

  friend bool operator==<> (const hashtable&,const hashtable&);

public:

  size_type bucket_count() const { return _M_buckets.size(); }

  size_type max_bucket_count() const
    { return __stl_prime_list[(int)__stl_num_primes - 1]; }

  ///得到第__bucket个桶中的元素个数
  size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __bucket) const
  {
    size_type __result = 0;
    for (_Node* __cur = _M_buckets[__bucket]; __cur; __cur = __cur->_M_next)
      __result += 1;
    return __result;
  }

  pair<iterator, bool> insert_unique(const value_type& __obj)
  {
    resize(_M_num_elements + 1);
    return insert_unique_noresize(__obj);
  }

  iterator insert_equal(const value_type& __obj)
  {
    resize(_M_num_elements + 1);
    return insert_equal_noresize(__obj);
  }

  pair<iterator, bool> insert_unique_noresize(const value_type& __obj);
  iterator insert_equal_noresize(const value_type& __obj);

  ///下面insert_*中使用到的型别推导技法在STL中很常见
  template <class _InputIterator>
  void insert_unique(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
  {
    insert_unique(__f, __l, __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__f));
  }

  template <class _InputIterator>
  void insert_equal(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
  {
    insert_equal(__f, __l, __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__f));
  }

  template <class _InputIterator>
  void insert_unique(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
                     input_iterator_tag)
  {
    for ( ; __f != __l; ++__f)
      insert_unique(*__f);
  }

  template <class _InputIterator>
  void insert_equal(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
                    input_iterator_tag)
  {
    for ( ; __f != __l; ++__f)
      insert_equal(*__f);
  }

  template <class _ForwardIterator>
  void insert_unique(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l,
                     forward_iterator_tag)
  {
    size_type __n = 0;
    distance(__f, __l, __n);
    resize(_M_num_elements + __n);
    for ( ; __n > 0; --__n, ++__f)
      insert_unique_noresize(*__f);
  }

  template <class _ForwardIterator>
  void insert_equal(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l,
                    forward_iterator_tag)
  {
    size_type __n = 0;
    distance(__f, __l, __n);
    resize(_M_num_elements + __n);
    for ( ; __n > 0; --__n, ++__f)
      insert_equal_noresize(*__f);
  }

  reference find_or_insert(const value_type& __obj);

  iterator find(const key_type& __key)
  {
    size_type __n = _M_bkt_num_key(__key);  ///计算键所在的桶序号

    ///在应在的桶中顺序查找
    _Node* __first;
    for ( __first = _M_buckets[__n];
          __first && !_M_equals(_M_get_key(__first->_M_val), __key);
          __first = __first->_M_next)
      {}
    return iterator(__first, this);
  }

  const_iterator find(const key_type& __key) const
  {
    size_type __n = _M_bkt_num_key(__key);
    const _Node* __first;
    for ( __first = _M_buckets[__n];
          __first && !_M_equals(_M_get_key(__first->_M_val), __key);
          __first = __first->_M_next)
      {}
    return const_iterator(__first, this);
  }

  size_type count(const key_type& __key) const
  {
    const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num_key(__key);
    size_type __result = 0;

    for (const _Node* __cur = _M_buckets[__n]; __cur; __cur = __cur->_M_next)
      if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__cur->_M_val), __key))
        ++__result;
    return __result;
  }

  pair<iterator, iterator>
  equal_range(const key_type& __key);

  pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
  equal_range(const key_type& __key) const;

  size_type erase(const key_type& __key);
  void erase(const iterator& __it);
  void erase(iterator __first, iterator __last);

  void erase(const const_iterator& __it);
  void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);

  void resize(size_type __num_elements_hint);
  void clear();

private:
  size_type _M_next_size(size_type __n) const
    { return __stl_next_prime(__n); }

  void _M_initialize_buckets(size_type __n)
  {
    const size_type __n_buckets = _M_next_size(__n); ///计算应分配的桶个数

    _M_buckets.reserve(__n_buckets);    ///分配桶

    ///将每个桶清空
    _M_buckets.insert(_M_buckets.end(), __n_buckets, (_Node*) 0);
    _M_num_elements = 0;
  }

   ///计算键所在的桶序号
  size_type _M_bkt_num_key(const key_type& __key) const
  {
    return _M_bkt_num_key(__key, _M_buckets.size());
  }

   ///计算值所在的桶序号
  size_type _M_bkt_num(const value_type& __obj) const
  {
    return _M_bkt_num_key(_M_get_key(__obj));
  }

  size_type _M_bkt_num_key(const key_type& __key, size_t __n) const
  {
      ///通过hash_fun得到的值在和桶个数做mod运算得到
    return _M_hash(__key) % __n;
  }

  size_type _M_bkt_num(const value_type& __obj, size_t __n) const
  {
    return _M_bkt_num_key(_M_get_key(__obj), __n);
  }

  _Node* _M_new_node(const value_type& __obj)
  {
    _Node* __n = _M_get_node();
    __n->_M_next = 0;
   try {
      construct(&__n->_M_val, __obj);
      return __n;
    }catch(...){
        _M_put_node(__n);
    }

  }

  void _M_delete_node(_Node* __n)
  {
    destroy(&__n->_M_val);
    _M_put_node(__n);
  }

  void _M_erase_bucket(const size_type __n, _Node* __first, _Node* __last);
  void _M_erase_bucket(const size_type __n, _Node* __last);

  void _M_copy_from(const hashtable& __ht);

};

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _ExK, class _EqK,
          class _All>
_Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>&
_Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>::operator++()
{
  const _Node* __old = _M_cur;
  _M_cur = _M_cur->_M_next;
  if (!_M_cur) {   ///当前迭代器所指元素为当前桶中的最后一个元素

    ///得到当前桶序号
    size_type __bucket = _M_ht->_M_bkt_num(__old->_M_val);

    ///从下一个桶开始查找非空桶,查找的的第一个非空桶的第一个元素
    ///即为所求
    while (!_M_cur && ++__bucket < _M_ht->_M_buckets.size())
      _M_cur = _M_ht->_M_buckets[__bucket];
  }
  return *this;
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _ExK, class _EqK, class _All>
inline _Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>
_Hashtable_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>::operator++(int)
{
  iterator __tmp = *this;
  ++*this;
  return __tmp;
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _ExK, class _EqK,
          class _All>
_Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>&
_Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>::operator++()
{
  const _Node* __old = _M_cur;
  _M_cur = _M_cur->_M_next;
  if (!_M_cur) {
    size_type __bucket = _M_ht->_M_bkt_num(__old->_M_val);
    while (!_M_cur && ++__bucket < _M_ht->_M_buckets.size())
      _M_cur = _M_ht->_M_buckets[__bucket];
  }
  return *this;
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _ExK, class _EqK,
          class _All>
inline _Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>
_Hashtable_const_iterator<_Val,_Key,_HF,_ExK,_EqK,_All>::operator++(int)
{
  const_iterator __tmp = *this;
  ++*this;
  return __tmp;
}

///判断两个HashTable是否相等
template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
bool operator==(const hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>& __ht1,
                const hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>& __ht2)
{
  typedef typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::_Node _Node;

  ///(1)桶个数必须相等
  if (__ht1._M_buckets.size() != __ht2._M_buckets.size())
    return false;

  ///(2)每个相同桶序号的相同位置的元素必须相等
  for (int __n = 0; __n < __ht1._M_buckets.size(); ++__n) {
    _Node* __cur1 = __ht1._M_buckets[__n];
    _Node* __cur2 = __ht2._M_buckets[__n];
    for ( ; __cur1 && __cur2 && __cur1->_M_val == __cur2->_M_val;
          __cur1 = __cur1->_M_next, __cur2 = __cur2->_M_next)
      {}
    if (__cur1 || __cur2)
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
pair<typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::iterator, bool>
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::insert_unique_noresize(const value_type& __obj)
{
  const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num(__obj);   ///计算应在桶序号
  _Node* __first = _M_buckets[__n];

  ///遍历该桶,如果已有键相同元素,返回
  for (_Node* __cur = __first; __cur; __cur = __cur->_M_next)
    if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__cur->_M_val), _M_get_key(__obj)))
      return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__cur, this), false);

  ///需要插入

  _Node* __tmp = _M_new_node(__obj);   ///构建对应值的插入结点

   ///插入应在桶头部
  __tmp->_M_next = __first;
  _M_buckets[__n] = __tmp;
  ++_M_num_elements;
  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__tmp, this), true);
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::iterator
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::insert_equal_noresize(const value_type& __obj)
{
  const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num(__obj);
  _Node* __first = _M_buckets[__n];

  for (_Node* __cur = __first; __cur; __cur = __cur->_M_next)
    if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__cur->_M_val), _M_get_key(__obj))) {

    ///如果应在桶中已有键相同元素,相同元素的最前面
      _Node* __tmp = _M_new_node(__obj);
      __tmp->_M_next = __cur->_M_next;
      __cur->_M_next = __tmp;
      ++_M_num_elements;
      return iterator(__tmp, this);
    }

  ///所在桶中无键相同元素
  _Node* __tmp = _M_new_node(__obj);
  __tmp->_M_next = __first;
  _M_buckets[__n] = __tmp;
  ++_M_num_elements;
  return iterator(__tmp, this);
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::reference
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::find_or_insert(const value_type& __obj)
{
    ///首先调整hashtable,为了防止桶个数太少以至于冲突太多
  resize(_M_num_elements + 1);

  size_type __n = _M_bkt_num(__obj);
  _Node* __first = _M_buckets[__n];

  for (_Node* __cur = __first; __cur; __cur = __cur->_M_next)
    if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__cur->_M_val), _M_get_key(__obj)))
      return __cur->_M_val;

  _Node* __tmp = _M_new_node(__obj);
  __tmp->_M_next = __first;
  _M_buckets[__n] = __tmp;
  ++_M_num_elements;
  return __tmp->_M_val;
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
pair<typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::iterator,
     typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::iterator>
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::equal_range(const key_type& __key)
{
  typedef pair<iterator, iterator> _Pii;
  const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num_key(__key);

  for (_Node* __first = _M_buckets[__n]; __first; __first = __first->_M_next)
    if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__first->_M_val), __key)) {  ///找到一个键与__key相同的元素

      ///继续从当前位置遍历该桶,若遇到一个与之不同的键即可得到所求
      for (_Node* __cur = __first->_M_next; __cur; __cur = __cur->_M_next)
        if (!_M_equals(_M_get_key(__cur->_M_val), __key))
          return _Pii(iterator(__first, this), iterator(__cur, this));

        ///该桶中键与__key相同的元素为最后一波元素
      for (size_type __m = __n + 1; __m < _M_buckets.size(); ++__m)
        if (_M_buckets[__m])
          return _Pii(iterator(__first, this),iterator(_M_buckets[__m], this));

      return _Pii(iterator(__first, this), end());
    }
  return _Pii(end(), end());
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
pair<typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::const_iterator,
     typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::const_iterator>
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::equal_range(const key_type& __key) const
{
  typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _Pii;
  const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num_key(__key);

  for (const _Node* __first = _M_buckets[__n] ;
       __first;
       __first = __first->_M_next) {
    if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__first->_M_val), __key)) {
      for (const _Node* __cur = __first->_M_next;
           __cur;
           __cur = __cur->_M_next)
        if (!_M_equals(_M_get_key(__cur->_M_val), __key))
          return _Pii(const_iterator(__first, this),
                      const_iterator(__cur, this));
      for (size_type __m = __n + 1; __m < _M_buckets.size(); ++__m)
        if (_M_buckets[__m])
          return _Pii(const_iterator(__first, this),
                      const_iterator(_M_buckets[__m], this));
      return _Pii(const_iterator(__first, this), end());
    }
  }
  return _Pii(end(), end());
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
typename hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::size_type
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::erase(const key_type& __key)
{
 ///找到对应桶以后的删除操作和单链表中删除元素相同,
 ///最后记着对头结点需另行处理
  const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num_key(__key);
  _Node* __first = _M_buckets[__n];
  size_type __erased = 0;

  if (__first) {
    _Node* __cur = __first;
    _Node* __next = __cur->_M_next;
    while (__next) {
      if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__next->_M_val), __key)) {
        __cur->_M_next = __next->_M_next;
        _M_delete_node(__next);
        __next = __cur->_M_next;
        ++__erased;
        --_M_num_elements;
      }
      else {
        __cur = __next;
        __next = __cur->_M_next;
      }
    }

    if (_M_equals(_M_get_key(__first->_M_val), __key)) {
      _M_buckets[__n] = __first->_M_next;
      _M_delete_node(__first);
      ++__erased;
      --_M_num_elements;
    }
  }
  return __erased;
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::erase(const iterator& __it)
{
    ///同样找到对应桶后和单链表删除操作相同
  _Node* __p = __it._M_cur;
  if (__p) {
    const size_type __n = _M_bkt_num(__p->_M_val);
    _Node* __cur = _M_buckets[__n];

    if (__cur == __p) {
      _M_buckets[__n] = __cur->_M_next;
      _M_delete_node(__cur);
      --_M_num_elements;
    }
    else {
      _Node* __next = __cur->_M_next;
      while (__next) {
        if (__next == __p) {
          __cur->_M_next = __next->_M_next;
          _M_delete_node(__next);
          --_M_num_elements;
          break;
        }
        else {
          __cur = __next;
          __next = __cur->_M_next;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::erase(iterator __first, iterator __last)
{
  size_type __f_bucket = __first._M_cur ?
    _M_bkt_num(__first._M_cur->_M_val) : _M_buckets.size();

  size_type __l_bucket = __last._M_cur ?
    _M_bkt_num(__last._M_cur->_M_val) : _M_buckets.size();

  if (__first._M_cur == __last._M_cur)
    return;
  else if (__f_bucket == __l_bucket)   ///删除区间位于同一个桶内
    _M_erase_bucket(__f_bucket, __first._M_cur, __last._M_cur);
  else {
      ///区间内的每个桶分别作合适的删除
    _M_erase_bucket(__f_bucket, __first._M_cur, 0);
    for (size_type __n = __f_bucket + 1; __n < __l_bucket; ++__n)
      _M_erase_bucket(__n, 0);
    if (__l_bucket != _M_buckets.size())
      _M_erase_bucket(__l_bucket, __last._M_cur);
  }
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
inline void
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::erase(const_iterator __first,
                                             const_iterator __last)
{
  erase(iterator(const_cast<_Node*>(__first._M_cur),
                 const_cast<hashtable*>(__first._M_ht)),
        iterator(const_cast<_Node*>(__last._M_cur),
                 const_cast<hashtable*>(__last._M_ht)));
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
inline void
hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::erase(const const_iterator& __it)
{
  erase(iterator(const_cast<_Node*>(__it._M_cur),
                 const_cast<hashtable*>(__it._M_ht)));
}

///对hashtable的重新调整,为了避免桶个数太少以至于冲突太多.这是整个
///hashtable中最关键也最复杂的一个成员函数.
template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::resize(size_type __num_elements_hint)
{
  const size_type __old_n = _M_buckets.size();
  if (__num_elements_hint > __old_n) {
    const size_type __n = _M_next_size(__num_elements_hint);///得到下一个质数
    if (__n > __old_n) {
      vector<_Node*, _All> __tmp(__n, (_Node*)(0),
                                 _M_buckets.get_allocator());   ///重新分配合适大小的vector<list>
      try {
        ///按序号遍历每个桶
        for (size_type __bucket = 0; __bucket < __old_n; ++__bucket) {

            ///得到桶中第一个元素
          _Node* __first = _M_buckets[__bucket];

          ///依次将该桶中的元素插入到新hashtable中对应的桶中,直到该桶为空
          while (__first) {
            ///或得该元素在新的hashtable内应在的桶序号
            size_type __new_bucket = _M_bkt_num(__first->_M_val, __n);

            ///将该元素从旧的位置摘下,插入新的hashtable应在的桶内
            _M_buckets[__bucket] = __first->_M_next;
            __first->_M_next = __tmp[__new_bucket];
            __tmp[__new_bucket] = __first;

            ///将first指向旧桶中的第一个元素
            __first = _M_buckets[__bucket];
          }
        }

        ///将得到的新hashtable和原有hashtable替换
        _M_buckets.swap(__tmp);
      }
      catch(...) {
          ///如果操作失败,需要依次删除所有新hashtable内的元素,
          ///以防内存泄露
        for (size_type __bucket = 0; __bucket < __tmp.size(); ++__bucket) {
          while (__tmp[__bucket]) {
            _Node* __next = __tmp[__bucket]->_M_next;
            _M_delete_node(__tmp[__bucket]);
            __tmp[__bucket] = __next;
          }
        }
        throw;
      }
    }
  }
}

///删除序号为__n的桶内[first,last)区间内的元素
template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::_M_erase_bucket(const size_type __n, _Node* __first, _Node* __last)
{
  _Node* __cur = _M_buckets[__n];

  ///从头结点开始删除,需要特殊处理
  if (__cur == __first)
    _M_erase_bucket(__n, __last);
  else {
    _Node* __next;

    ///找到需要删除的起点
    for (__next = __cur->_M_next;
         __next != __first;
         __cur = __next, __next = __cur->_M_next)
      ;

    ///类似单链表删除
    while (__next != __last) {
      __cur->_M_next = __next->_M_next;
      _M_delete_node(__next);
      __next = __cur->_M_next;
      --_M_num_elements;
    }
  }
}

///删除序号为__n的桶内自头结点至__last的元素,不包括__last
template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::_M_erase_bucket(const size_type __n, _Node* __last)
{
  _Node* __cur = _M_buckets[__n];
  while (__cur != __last) {
    _Node* __next = __cur->_M_next;
    _M_delete_node(__cur);
    __cur = __next;
    _M_buckets[__n] = __cur;   ///记着调整_M_buckets[__n]的指向
    --_M_num_elements;
  }
}

template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>::clear()
{
    ///挨个清空单链表,并将桶清空
  for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _M_buckets.size(); ++__i) {
    _Node* __cur = _M_buckets[__i];
    while (__cur != 0) {
      _Node* __next = __cur->_M_next;
      _M_delete_node(__cur);
      __cur = __next;
    }
    _M_buckets[__i] = 0;
  }
  _M_num_elements = 0;
}


template <class _Val, class _Key, class _HF, class _Ex, class _Eq, class _All>
void hashtable<_Val,_Key,_HF,_Ex,_Eq,_All>
  ::_M_copy_from(const hashtable& __ht)
{
    ///挨个复制单链表
  _M_buckets.clear();
  _M_buckets.reserve(__ht._M_buckets.size());
  _M_buckets.insert(_M_buckets.end(), __ht._M_buckets.size(), (_Node*) 0);
  try {
    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __ht._M_buckets.size(); ++__i) {
      const _Node* __cur = __ht._M_buckets[__i];
      if (__cur) {
        _Node* __copy = _M_new_node(__cur->_M_val);
        _M_buckets[__i] = __copy;

        for (_Node* __next = __cur->_M_next;
             __next;
             __cur = __next, __next = __cur->_M_next) {
          __copy->_M_next = _M_new_node(__next->_M_val);
          __copy = __copy->_M_next;
        }
      }
    }
    _M_num_elements = __ht._M_num_elements;
  }catch(...){
      clear();
      throw;
  }
}