Netty 4的内存管理:sun.misc.Unsafe
参考
Java Magic. Part 4: sun.misc.Unsafe
Netty4 可以利用Unsafe来提高内存读写性能(作为可选项,如果系统参数io.netty.noUnsafe为true且JDK支持的话)。Unsafe不能直接使用(在java.nio.Bits中是
// -- Unsafe access -- private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
假如我们代码中也这样直接使用的话,会抛出异常java.lang.SecurityException: Unsafe),必须通过反射来得到一个实例。例如io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent0中
Unsafe unsafe; if(addressFiled!=null && cleanerField !=null){ try{ Field unsafeField=Unsafe.class.getDelaredField("theUnsafe"); unsafeField.setAccessible(true); unsafe=(Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null); ......
重新回头看Unsafe源码中的描述,也指明了unsafe是低级别,不安全操作的方法集合
32 /** 33 * A collection of methods for performing low-level, unsafe operations. 34 * Although the class and all methods are public, use of this class is 35 * limited because only trusted code can obtain instances of it. 36 * 37 * @author John R. Rose 38 * @see #getUnsafe 39 */ 40 41 public final class Unsafe { 42 43 private static native void registerNatives(); 44 static { 45 registerNatives(); 46 sun.reflect.Reflection.registerMethodsToFilter(Unsafe.class, "getUnsafe"); 47 } 48 49 private Unsafe() {} 50 51 private static final Unsafe theUnsafe = new Unsafe(); ....... }
除非我们设置为可信,如在bootclasspath指明将会使用Unsafe
java -xbootclasspath:/usr/jdk/jre/lib/rt.jar:. 使用一个unsafe类的路径
因为可以访问,分配,比较内存等操作,所以在JAVA并发包里也大量使用了Unsafe这个类,比如提供原子操作的AtomicInteger,AtomicBoolean这些类的CAS方法
/** * Atomically sets the value to the given updated value * if the current value {@code ==} the expected value. * * @param expect the expected value * @param update the new value * @return true if successful. False return indicates that * the actual value was not equal to the expected value. */ public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) { return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update); }
其2,由于允许直接内存操作,所以其性能也接近C/C++(参考native-cc-like-performance-for-java)
下面代码为使用java序列化、ByteBuffer,Unsafe3种方式操作,
import sun.misc.Unsafe; import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; import java.io.ObjectInputStream; import java.io.ObjectOutputStream; import java.io.Serializable; import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.util.Arrays; public final class TestSerialisationPerf { public static final int REPETITIONS = 1 * 1000 * 1000; private static ObjectToBeSerialised ITEM = new ObjectToBeSerialised( 1010L, true, 777, 99, new double[]{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0}, new long[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}); public static void main(final String[] arg) throws Exception { for (final PerformanceTestCase testCase : testCases) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { testCase.performTest(); System.out.format("%d %s\twrite=%,dns read=%,dns total=%,dns\n", i, testCase.getName(), testCase.getWriteTimeNanos(), testCase.getReadTimeNanos(), testCase.getWriteTimeNanos() + testCase.getReadTimeNanos()); if (!ITEM.equals(testCase.getTestOutput())) { throw new IllegalStateException("Objects do not match"); } System.gc(); Thread.sleep(3000); } } } private static final PerformanceTestCase[] testCases = { new PerformanceTestCase("Serialisation", REPETITIONS, ITEM) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); public void testWrite(ObjectToBeSerialised item) throws Exception { for (int i = 0; i < REPETITIONS; i++) { baos.reset(); ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(baos); oos.writeObject(item); oos.close(); } } public ObjectToBeSerialised testRead() throws Exception { ObjectToBeSerialised object = null; for (int i = 0; i < REPETITIONS; i++) { ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(baos.toByteArray()); ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bais); object = (ObjectToBeSerialised)ois.readObject(); } return object; } }, new PerformanceTestCase("ByteBuffer", REPETITIONS, ITEM) { ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); public void testWrite(ObjectToBeSerialised item) throws Exception { for (int i = 0; i < REPETITIONS; i++) { byteBuffer.clear(); item.write(byteBuffer); } } public ObjectToBeSerialised testRead() throws Exception { ObjectToBeSerialised object = null; for (int i = 0; i < REPETITIONS; i++) { byteBuffer.flip(); object = ObjectToBeSerialised.read(byteBuffer); } return object; } }, new PerformanceTestCase("UnsafeMemory", REPETITIONS, ITEM) { UnsafeMemory buffer = new UnsafeMemory(new byte[1024]); public void testWrite(ObjectToBeSerialised item) throws Exception { for (int i = 0; i < REPETITIONS; i++) { buffer.reset(); item.write(buffer); } } public ObjectToBeSerialised testRead() throws Exception { ObjectToBeSerialised object = null; for (int i = 0; i < REPETITIONS; i++) { buffer.reset(); object = ObjectToBeSerialised.read(buffer); } return object; } }, }; } abstract class PerformanceTestCase { private final String name; private final int repetitions; private final ObjectToBeSerialised testInput; private ObjectToBeSerialised testOutput; private long writeTimeNanos; private long readTimeNanos; public PerformanceTestCase(final String name, final int repetitions, final ObjectToBeSerialised testInput) { this.name = name; this.repetitions = repetitions; this.testInput = testInput; } public String getName() { return name; } public ObjectToBeSerialised getTestOutput() { return testOutput; } public long getWriteTimeNanos() { return writeTimeNanos; } public long getReadTimeNanos() { return readTimeNanos; } public void performTest() throws Exception { final long startWriteNanos = System.nanoTime(); testWrite(testInput); writeTimeNanos = (System.nanoTime() - startWriteNanos) / repetitions; final long startReadNanos = System.nanoTime(); testOutput = testRead(); readTimeNanos = (System.nanoTime() - startReadNanos) / repetitions; } public abstract void testWrite(ObjectToBeSerialised item) throws Exception; public abstract ObjectToBeSerialised testRead() throws Exception; } class ObjectToBeSerialised implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 10275539472837495L; private final long sourceId; private final boolean special; private final int orderCode; private final int priority; private final double[] prices; private final long[] quantities; public ObjectToBeSerialised(final long sourceId, final boolean special, final int orderCode, final int priority, final double[] prices, final long[] quantities) { this.sourceId = sourceId; this.special = special; this.orderCode = orderCode; this.priority = priority; this.prices = prices; this.quantities = quantities; } public void write(final ByteBuffer byteBuffer) { byteBuffer.putLong(sourceId); byteBuffer.put((byte)(special ? 1 : 0)); byteBuffer.putInt(orderCode); byteBuffer.putInt(priority); byteBuffer.putInt(prices.length); for (final double price : prices) { byteBuffer.putDouble(price); } byteBuffer.putInt(quantities.length); for (final long quantity : quantities) { byteBuffer.putLong(quantity); } } public static ObjectToBeSerialised read(final ByteBuffer byteBuffer) { final long sourceId = byteBuffer.getLong(); final boolean special = 0 != byteBuffer.get(); final int orderCode = byteBuffer.getInt(); final int priority = byteBuffer.getInt(); final int pricesSize = byteBuffer.getInt(); final double[] prices = new double[pricesSize]; for (int i = 0; i < pricesSize; i++) { prices[i] = byteBuffer.getDouble(); } final int quantitiesSize = byteBuffer.getInt(); final long[] quantities = new long[quantitiesSize]; for (int i = 0; i < quantitiesSize; i++) { quantities[i] = byteBuffer.getLong(); } return new ObjectToBeSerialised(sourceId, special, orderCode, priority, prices, quantities); } public void write(final UnsafeMemory buffer) { buffer.putLong(sourceId); buffer.putBoolean(special); buffer.putInt(orderCode); buffer.putInt(priority); buffer.putDoubleArray(prices); buffer.putLongArray(quantities); } public static ObjectToBeSerialised read(final UnsafeMemory buffer) { final long sourceId = buffer.getLong(); final boolean special = buffer.getBoolean(); final int orderCode = buffer.getInt(); final int priority = buffer.getInt(); final double[] prices = buffer.getDoubleArray(); final long[] quantities = buffer.getLongArray(); return new ObjectToBeSerialised(sourceId, special, orderCode, priority, prices, quantities); } @Override public boolean equals(final Object o) { if (this == o) { return true; } if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) { return false; } final ObjectToBeSerialised that = (ObjectToBeSerialised)o; if (orderCode != that.orderCode) { return false; } if (priority != that.priority) { return false; } if (sourceId != that.sourceId) { return false; } if (special != that.special) { return false; } if (!Arrays.equals(prices, that.prices)) { return false; } if (!Arrays.equals(quantities, that.quantities)) { return false; } return true; } } class UnsafeMemory { private static final Unsafe unsafe; static { try { Field field = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe"); field.setAccessible(true); unsafe = (Unsafe)field.get(null); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } private static final long byteArrayOffset = unsafe.arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class); private static final long longArrayOffset = unsafe.arrayBaseOffset(long[].class); private static final long doubleArrayOffset = unsafe.arrayBaseOffset(double[].class); private static final int SIZE_OF_BOOLEAN = 1; private static final int SIZE_OF_INT = 4; private static final int SIZE_OF_LONG = 8; private int pos = 0; private final byte[] buffer; public UnsafeMemory(final byte[] buffer) { if (null == buffer) { throw new NullPointerException("buffer cannot be null"); } this.buffer = buffer; } public void reset() { this.pos = 0; } public void putBoolean(final boolean value) { unsafe.putBoolean(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, value); pos += SIZE_OF_BOOLEAN; } public boolean getBoolean() { boolean value = unsafe.getBoolean(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos); pos += SIZE_OF_BOOLEAN; return value; } public void putInt(final int value) { unsafe.putInt(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, value); pos += SIZE_OF_INT; } public int getInt() { int value = unsafe.getInt(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos); pos += SIZE_OF_INT; return value; } public void putLong(final long value) { unsafe.putLong(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, value); pos += SIZE_OF_LONG; } public long getLong() { long value = unsafe.getLong(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos); pos += SIZE_OF_LONG; return value; } public void putLongArray(final long[] values) { putInt(values.length); long bytesToCopy = values.length << 3; unsafe.copyMemory(values, longArrayOffset, buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, bytesToCopy); pos += bytesToCopy; } public long[] getLongArray() { int arraySize = getInt(); long[] values = new long[arraySize]; long bytesToCopy = values.length << 3; unsafe.copyMemory(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, values, longArrayOffset, bytesToCopy); pos += bytesToCopy; return values; } public void putDoubleArray(final double[] values) { putInt(values.length); long bytesToCopy = values.length << 3; unsafe.copyMemory(values, doubleArrayOffset, buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, bytesToCopy); pos += bytesToCopy; } public double[] getDoubleArray() { int arraySize = getInt(); double[] values = new double[arraySize]; long bytesToCopy = values.length << 3; unsafe.copyMemory(buffer, byteArrayOffset + pos, values, doubleArrayOffset, bytesToCopy); pos += bytesToCopy; return values; } }
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